{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4205095177","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2021.3139649","title":"A 43 nW, 32 kHz, \u00b14.2 ppm Piecewise Linear Temperature-Compensated Crystal Oscillator With \u0394\u03a3-Modulated Load Capacitance","display_name":"A 43 nW, 32 kHz, \u00b14.2 ppm Piecewise Linear Temperature-Compensated Crystal Oscillator With \u0394\u03a3-Modulated Load Capacitance","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4205095177","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2021.3139649"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jssc.2021.3139649","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2021.3139649","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83637746","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits","issn_l":"0018-9200","issn":["0018-9200","1558-173X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060249081","display_name":"Sujin Park","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8191-5840"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157485424","display_name":"Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05apxxy63","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sujin Park","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051896075","display_name":"Ji-Hwan Seol","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8081-0040"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan\u2013Ann Arbor","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ji-Hwan Seol","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100699649","display_name":"Li Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5968-5751"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan\u2013Ann Arbor","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040917581","display_name":"SeongHwan Cho","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7938-2694"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157485424","display_name":"Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05apxxy63","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Seonghwan Cho","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000767141","display_name":"Dennis Sylvester","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2598-0458"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan\u2013Ann Arbor","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dennis Sylvester","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026311377","display_name":"David Blaauw","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6744-7075"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan\u2013Ann Arbor","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Blaauw","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5060249081"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.6404,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.60884337,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"57","issue":"4","first_page":"1175","last_page":"1186"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11160","display_name":"Acoustic Wave Resonator Technologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11160","display_name":"Acoustic Wave Resonator Technologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10323","display_name":"Analog and Mixed-Signal Circuit Design","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10187","display_name":"Radio Frequency Integrated Circuit Design","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/capacitance","display_name":"Capacitance","score":0.5425520539283752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.4457220137119293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/analytical-chemistry","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry (journal)","score":0.37143516540527344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discrete-mathematics","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","score":0.3669917583465576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.35349011421203613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.3427530527114868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.2833917737007141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-mechanics","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","score":0.2054601013660431},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chemistry","display_name":"Chemistry","score":0.19959017634391785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.17546549439430237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/organic-chemistry","display_name":"Organic chemistry","score":0.10736864805221558}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30066665","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q164399","display_name":"Capacitance","level":3,"score":0.5425520539283752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.4457220137119293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113196181","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485223","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry (journal)","level":2,"score":0.37143516540527344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118615104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121416","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","level":1,"score":0.3669917583465576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.35349011421203613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.3427530527114868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.2833917737007141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.2054601013660431},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.19959017634391785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.17546549439430237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.10736864805221558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17525397","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176140","display_name":"Electrode","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jssc.2021.3139649","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2021.3139649","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83637746","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits","issn_l":"0018-9200","issn":["0018-9200","1558-173X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5909366918","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NRF-2021R1A2B5B0100287411","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306087","display_name":"Semiconductor Research Corporation","ror":"https://ror.org/047z4n946"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/013aysd81"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/01wpjm123"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1977865810","https://openalex.org/W2038908392","https://openalex.org/W2060376314","https://openalex.org/W2096239385","https://openalex.org/W2104340505","https://openalex.org/W2123054928","https://openalex.org/W2124730281","https://openalex.org/W2134762439","https://openalex.org/W2172010302","https://openalex.org/W2276821538","https://openalex.org/W2289415248","https://openalex.org/W2296472418","https://openalex.org/W2745069591","https://openalex.org/W2921118690","https://openalex.org/W3005318350","https://openalex.org/W3015741591","https://openalex.org/W3080111270","https://openalex.org/W3183458602"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2051487156","https://openalex.org/W2073681303","https://openalex.org/W2347585086","https://openalex.org/W1527953837","https://openalex.org/W2042100038","https://openalex.org/W2075460687","https://openalex.org/W3086500945","https://openalex.org/W2781651239","https://openalex.org/W1966596465"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"article":[1],"describes":[2],"an":[3,137,153,166],"ultralow-power":[4],"(ULP)":[5],"temperature-compensated":[6],"crystal":[7],"oscillator":[8],"(TCXO)":[9],"with":[10,148],"a":[11,39,68,73,85],"pulsed-injection":[12,97],"XO":[13,98,115],"driver":[14,99],"for":[15,117],"IoT":[16],"applications.":[17],"Temperature":[18],"compensation":[19],"is":[20,58,65,165],"achieved":[21],"by":[22,67],"changing":[23],"the":[24,75,103,106,114,118,132,178],"load":[25],"capacitance":[26],"(":[27,42],"<inline-formula":[28,43,107,121,169],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[29,44,108,122,170],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">":[30,45,109,123,171],"<tex-math":[31,46,110,124,172],"notation=\"LaTeX\">${C}_{L}$":[32,111,125],"</tex-math></inline-formula>":[33,50,112,126,175],")":[34],"between":[35],"two":[36,119],"values":[37],"using":[38],"delta-sigma":[40],"modulator":[41],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$\\Delta":[47],"\\Sigma":[48],"\\text{M}$":[49],").":[51],"The":[52,95],"complex":[53],"modulation":[54],"profile":[55],"across":[56],"temperature":[57,70],"approximated":[59],"as":[60],"piecewise":[61],"linear":[62],"elements":[63],"that":[64,100],"selected":[66],"coarse":[69],"sensor.":[71],"As":[72],"result,":[74],"power":[76],"and":[77,152],"area":[78],"of":[79,105,139,157],"fine-grain":[80],"look-up":[81],"tables":[82],"(LUTs)":[83],"or":[84],"polynomial":[86],"engine":[87],"used":[88],"in":[89,129],"prior":[90],"works":[91],"can":[92],"be":[93],"avoided.":[94],"proposed":[96,133],"directly":[101],"replenishes":[102],"energy":[104],"sustains":[113],"oscillation":[116],"different":[120],"states.":[127],"Implemented":[128],"40-nm":[130],"CMOS,":[131],"32.768-kHz":[134],"TCXO":[135],"achieves":[136],"accuracy":[138],"\u00b14.2":[140],"ppm":[141],"from":[142],"\u221220":[143],"\u00b0C":[144,147],"to":[145],"85":[146],"just":[149],"three-point":[150],"trimming":[151],"Allan":[154],"deviation":[155],"floor":[156],"34":[158],"ppb":[159],"while":[160],"consuming":[161],"43":[162],"nW,":[163],"which":[164],"approximate":[167],"8":[168],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$\\times":[173],"$":[174],"improvement":[176],"over":[177],"recent":[179],"state-of-the-art":[180],"TCXOs.":[181]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
