{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3208788005","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2021.3119018","title":"Scalable and Programmable Neural Network Inference Accelerator Based on In-Memory Computing","display_name":"Scalable and Programmable Neural Network Inference Accelerator Based on In-Memory Computing","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-10-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3208788005","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2021.3119018","mag":"3208788005"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jssc.2021.3119018","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2021.3119018","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83637746","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits","issn_l":"0018-9200","issn":["0018-9200","1558-173X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088075152","display_name":"Hongyang Jia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8692-1860"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20089843","display_name":"Princeton University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hx57361","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hongyang Jia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8692-1860","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014213149","display_name":"Murat Ozatay","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2835-2484"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20089843","display_name":"Princeton University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hx57361","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Murat Ozatay","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2835-2484","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014075867","display_name":"Yinqi Tang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6667-1833"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20089843","display_name":"Princeton University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hx57361","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yinqi Tang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6667-1833","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079625063","display_name":"Hossein Valavi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0218-9906"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20089843","display_name":"Princeton University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hx57361","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hossein Valavi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0218-9906","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046412934","display_name":"Rakshit Pathak","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6541-8630"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20089843","display_name":"Princeton University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hx57361","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rakshit Pathak","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6541-8630","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100746136","display_name":"Jinseok Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4898-4865"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20089843","display_name":"Princeton University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hx57361","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jinseok Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4898-4865","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101645607","display_name":"Naveen Verma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8208-5030"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20089843","display_name":"Princeton University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hx57361","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Naveen Verma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5088075152"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.8979,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":96,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96933506,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"57","issue":"1","first_page":"198","last_page":"211"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11992","display_name":"CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9959999918937683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7855721712112427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.6513310074806213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.5169579386711121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-architecture","display_name":"Computer architecture","score":0.473770409822464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/efficient-energy-use","display_name":"Efficient energy use","score":0.4556267261505127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/throughput","display_name":"Throughput","score":0.43355587124824524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.42583420872688293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.3208886384963989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.10256946086883545}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7855721712112427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.6513310074806213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.5169579386711121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118524514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212","display_name":"Computer architecture","level":1,"score":0.473770409822464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.4556267261505127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157764524","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1383412","display_name":"Throughput","level":3,"score":0.43355587124824524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.42583420872688293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.3208886384963989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.10256946086883545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jssc.2021.3119018","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2021.3119018","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83637746","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits","issn_l":"0018-9200","issn":["0018-9200","1558-173X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.8999999761581421,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309292","display_name":"Princeton University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hx57361"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":49,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1632217358","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1924770834","https://openalex.org/W2046964635","https://openalex.org/W2048266589","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2119144962","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2289252105","https://openalex.org/W2524428287","https://openalex.org/W2538451693","https://openalex.org/W2591601611","https://openalex.org/W2593564159","https://openalex.org/W2604319603","https://openalex.org/W2606722458","https://openalex.org/W2786771851","https://openalex.org/W2790556218","https://openalex.org/W2894696827","https://openalex.org/W2897997157","https://openalex.org/W2899641901","https://openalex.org/W2920326572","https://openalex.org/W2921898934","https://openalex.org/W2950656546","https://openalex.org/W2963037989","https://openalex.org/W2963125769","https://openalex.org/W2965129158","https://openalex.org/W2969812992","https://openalex.org/W2976137532","https://openalex.org/W2990591126","https://openalex.org/W2991232789","https://openalex.org/W2999044305","https://openalex.org/W3015655039","https://openalex.org/W3016082253","https://openalex.org/W3034957837","https://openalex.org/W3046305306","https://openalex.org/W3097655915","https://openalex.org/W3128966520","https://openalex.org/W4243315213","https://openalex.org/W4252370083","https://openalex.org/W6637373629","https://openalex.org/W6640212811","https://openalex.org/W6677580257","https://openalex.org/W6687566353","https://openalex.org/W6727208969","https://openalex.org/W6745744969","https://openalex.org/W6748224102","https://openalex.org/W6754887999","https://openalex.org/W6772230660","https://openalex.org/W6787435017"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2389214306","https://openalex.org/W2965083567","https://openalex.org/W4235240664","https://openalex.org/W1838576100","https://openalex.org/W2095886385","https://openalex.org/W2889616422","https://openalex.org/W2089704382","https://openalex.org/W1983399550","https://openalex.org/W97075385","https://openalex.org/W2357523926"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,170],"work":[1],"demonstrates":[2],"a":[3,18,71,122],"programmable":[4,86,96],"in-memory-computing":[5],"(IMC)":[6],"inference":[7],"accelerator":[8,41],"for":[9,32,154,175],"scalable":[10,45,77,178],"execution":[11,103],"of":[12,50,56,79,130,142,150,163,210],"neural":[13],"network":[14,74],"(NN)":[15],"models,":[16],"leveraging":[17],"high-signal-to-noise":[19],"ratio":[20],"(SNR)":[21],"capacitor-based":[22],"analog":[23,165],"technology.":[24],"IMC":[25,84],"accelerates":[26],"computations":[27],"and":[28,53,63,76,95,108,113,145,177,180,186,194,201,207,212,215,220,227],"reduces":[29],"memory":[30],"accessing":[31],"matrix-vector":[33],"multiplies":[34],"(MVMs),":[35],"which":[36,81],"dominate":[37],"in":[38,133],"NNs.":[39],"The":[40,66,98,157],"architecture":[42,67],"focuses":[43],"on":[44,70],"execution,":[46],"addressing":[47],"the":[48,54,164,172],"overheads":[49],"state":[51],"swapping":[52],"challenges":[55],"maintaining":[57],"high":[58,161],"utilization":[59,112],"across":[60,115],"highly":[61],"dense":[62],"parallel":[64],"hardware.":[65],"is":[68,119],"based":[69],"configurable":[72,93],"on-chip":[73],"(OCN)":[75],"array":[78,129],"cores,":[80],"integrate":[82],"mixed-signal":[83],"with":[85,197,224],"near-memory":[87],"single-instruction":[88],"multiple-data":[89],"(SIMD)":[90],"digital":[91],"computing,":[92],"buffering,":[94],"control.":[97],"cores":[99,131],"enable":[100],"flexible":[101],"NN":[102],"mappings":[104],"that":[105],"exploit":[106],"data-":[107],"pipeline-parallelism":[109],"to":[110,191],"address":[111],"efficiency":[114,149,209],"models.":[116],"A":[117],"prototype":[118],"presented,":[120],"incorporating":[121],"<inline-formula>":[123],"<tex-math":[124],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$4":[125],"\\times":[126],"4$":[127],"</tex-math></inline-formula>":[128],"demonstrated":[132],"16":[134],"nm":[135],"CMOS,":[136],"achieving":[137,204],"peak":[138,146],"multiply-accumulate":[139],"(MAC)-level":[140],"throughput":[141],"3":[143],"TOPS":[144],"MAC-level":[147],"energy":[148,208],"30":[151],"TOPS/W,":[152],"both":[153],"8-b":[155],"operations.":[156],"measured":[158],"results":[159],"shows":[160],"accuracy":[162],"computations,":[166],"matching":[167],"bit-true":[168],"simulations.":[169],"enables":[171],"abstractions":[173],"required":[174],"robust":[176],"architectural":[179],"software":[181,184],"integration.":[182],"Developed":[183],"libraries":[185],"NN-mapping":[187],"tools":[188],"are":[189],"used":[190],"demonstrate":[192],"CIFAR-10":[193],"ImageNet":[195],"classification,":[196],"an":[198],"11-layer":[199],"CNN":[200],"ResNet-50,":[202],"respectively,":[203],"accuracy,":[205],"throughput,":[206],"91.51&#x0025;":[211],"73.33&#x0025;,":[213],"7815":[214],"581":[216],"image/s,":[217],"51.5":[218],"k":[219,222],"3.0":[221],"image/s/W,":[223],"4-b":[225],"weights":[226],"activations.":[228]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":35},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":35},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-05-05T08:41:31.759640","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}