{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3196072121","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2021.3103727","title":"An Eight-Element Frequency-Selective Acoustic Beamformer and Bitstream Feature Extractor","display_name":"An Eight-Element Frequency-Selective Acoustic Beamformer and Bitstream Feature Extractor","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-08-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3196072121","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2021.3103727","mag":"3196072121"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jssc.2021.3103727","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2021.3103727","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83637746","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits","issn_l":"0018-9200","issn":["0018-9200","1558-173X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022283517","display_name":"Seungjong Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5242-0221"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Seungjong Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5242-0221","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055366815","display_name":"Taewook Kang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5972-4789"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Taewook Kang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5972-4789","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046508035","display_name":"John Bell","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8887-675X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210087596","display_name":"Qualcomm (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/002zrf773","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210087596"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John Bell","raw_affiliation_strings":["Qualcomm Technologies, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8887-675X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Qualcomm Technologies, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210087596"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004203156","display_name":"Mohammad R. Haghighat","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-9051-303X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1343180700","display_name":"Intel (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01ek73717","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1343180700"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammad Haghighat","raw_affiliation_strings":["Intel Corporation, Santa Clara, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intel Corporation, Santa Clara, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1343180700"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068571006","display_name":"Alberto J. Martinez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9061-8650"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1290206253","display_name":"Microsoft (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00d0nc645","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1343180700","display_name":"Intel (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01ek73717","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1343180700"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alberto Martinez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Intel Corporation, Folsom, CA, USA","Microsoft Corporation, Kirkland, WA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intel Corporation, Folsom, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1343180700"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft Corporation, Kirkland, WA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005810864","display_name":"Michael P. Flynn","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5070-7512"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael P. Flynn","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5070-7512","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.9265,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.74559818,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"57","issue":"6","first_page":"1812","last_page":"1823"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10860","display_name":"Speech and Audio Processing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10860","display_name":"Speech and Audio Processing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11233","display_name":"Advanced Adaptive Filtering Techniques","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10822","display_name":"Acoustic Wave Phenomena Research","score":0.9962999820709229,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beamforming","display_name":"Beamforming","score":0.8448612689971924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6415517330169678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bandwidth","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","score":0.4759364128112793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.3920551538467407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.3439825475215912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.336877703666687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.20707190036773682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.19041025638580322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.11668175458908081}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54197355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5782992","display_name":"Beamforming","level":2,"score":0.8448612689971924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6415517330169678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776257435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1576430","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","level":2,"score":0.4759364128112793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.3920551538467407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.3439825475215912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.336877703666687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.20707190036773682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.19041025638580322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.11668175458908081}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jssc.2021.3103727","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2021.3103727","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83637746","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits","issn_l":"0018-9200","issn":["0018-9200","1558-173X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.5099999904632568}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1610705841","https://openalex.org/W1906024914","https://openalex.org/W1976340597","https://openalex.org/W2096709166","https://openalex.org/W2097849734","https://openalex.org/W2099086364","https://openalex.org/W2106875167","https://openalex.org/W2124190742","https://openalex.org/W2143317947","https://openalex.org/W2144244295","https://openalex.org/W2158208761","https://openalex.org/W2164765575","https://openalex.org/W2172010302","https://openalex.org/W2416929973","https://openalex.org/W2509118816","https://openalex.org/W2524543055","https://openalex.org/W2576566465","https://openalex.org/W2765815218","https://openalex.org/W2781691843","https://openalex.org/W2913917836","https://openalex.org/W2921496354","https://openalex.org/W2953880456","https://openalex.org/W2973127906","https://openalex.org/W3005319366","https://openalex.org/W3133542079","https://openalex.org/W3135783778","https://openalex.org/W3160721457","https://openalex.org/W6674361980"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2963170046","https://openalex.org/W2376244802","https://openalex.org/W2923631784","https://openalex.org/W818226659","https://openalex.org/W4311414679","https://openalex.org/W3124036039","https://openalex.org/W2130785056","https://openalex.org/W2132841313","https://openalex.org/W2727286692","https://openalex.org/W1970775648"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Beamforming":[0],"is":[1,81,137],"an":[2,112],"essential":[3],"tool":[4],"for":[5,44,69,111],"speaker":[6],"selection":[7],"and":[8,33,71,87,100,105,117,126],"rejection":[9],"of":[10,22,50,62,65,108,124,134,158],"environmental":[11],"noise":[12,159],"in":[13,83,155],"automatic":[14],"speech":[15],"recognition.":[16],"This":[17],"work":[18],"harnesses":[19],"the":[20,42,66,84,135,144,151,156],"efficiency":[21],"delay-and-sum":[23],"(DAS)":[24],"beamforming":[25,31,70,164],"by":[26,40],"combining":[27],"it":[28],"with":[29,148,167],"constant-directivity":[30],"(CDB)":[32],"frequency-domain":[34],"feature":[35,118],"extraction.":[36],"CDB":[37],"facilitates":[38],"DAS":[39],"restricting":[41],"bandwidth":[43],"different":[45],"microphone":[46,56],"configurations.":[47],"An":[48],"array":[49],"sigma\u2013delta":[51],"modulators":[52],"(SDMs)":[53],"digitizes":[54],"eight":[55],"inputs.":[57],"The":[58,78,115,130],"design":[59],"takes":[60],"advantage":[61],"bitstream":[63],"processing":[64],"modulator":[67],"outputs":[68,147],"extracting":[72],"60":[73],"Mel":[74,145],"spectrum":[75,146],"power":[76,123,132],"features.":[77],"prototype":[79,136],"device":[80],"fabricated":[82],"40-nm":[85],"CMOS":[86],"occupies":[88],"1.1":[89],"mm":[90],"<sup":[91],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[92],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">2</sup>":[93],".":[94],"Each":[95],"SDM":[96],"consumes":[97],"91":[98],"mW":[99],"has":[101],"a":[102,121,149],"measured":[103],"signal-to-noise":[104],"distortion":[106],"ratio":[107],"84":[109],"dB":[110],"8-kHz":[113],"bandwidth.":[114],"beamformer":[116],"extractor":[119],"consume":[120],"dynamic":[122],"76":[125],"122":[127],"mW,":[128,139],"respectively.":[129],"entire":[131],"consumption":[133],"3.95":[138],"including":[140],"leakage":[141],"power.":[142],"Processing":[143],"DNN,":[150],"keyword":[152],"spotting":[153],"accuracy":[154],"presence":[157],"improves":[160],"from":[161],"74%":[162],"without":[163],"to":[165],"93%":[166],"beamforming.":[168]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}