{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3190456202","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2021.3098671","title":"An Embedded nand Flash-Based Compute-In-Memory Array Demonstrated in a Standard Logic Process","display_name":"An Embedded nand Flash-Based Compute-In-Memory Array Demonstrated in a Standard Logic Process","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-07-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3190456202","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2021.3098671","mag":"3190456202"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jssc.2021.3098671","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2021.3098671","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83637746","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits","issn_l":"0018-9200","issn":["0018-9200","1558-173X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100343643","display_name":"Minsu Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4882-0959"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130238516","display_name":"University of Minnesota","ror":"https://ror.org/017zqws13","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130238516"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134353371","display_name":"SK Group (South Korea)","ror":"https://ror.org/03696td91","country_code":"KR","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134353371"]}],"countries":["KR","US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Minsu Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA","SK Hynix, Icheon, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4882-0959","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130238516"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"SK Hynix, Icheon, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134353371"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110185283","display_name":"Muqing Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6057-4960"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130238516","display_name":"University of Minnesota","ror":"https://ror.org/017zqws13","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130238516"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210121352","display_name":"Western Digital (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/02hqwnx33","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210121352"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muqing Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA","Western Digital, Milpitas, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130238516"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Western Digital, Milpitas, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210121352"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009090618","display_name":"Luke Everson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1209-0395"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130238516","display_name":"University of Minnesota","ror":"https://ror.org/017zqws13","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130238516"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210127325","display_name":"Broadcom (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/035gt5s03","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210127325"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luke R. Everson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Broadcom Inc., San Jose, CA, USA","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1209-0395","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Broadcom Inc., San Jose, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210127325"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130238516"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043025421","display_name":"Chris H. Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4194-1347"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130238516","display_name":"University of Minnesota","ror":"https://ror.org/017zqws13","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130238516"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chris H. Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4194-1347","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130238516"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100343643"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130238516","https://openalex.org/I134353371"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.5418,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":43,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89813963,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"57","issue":"2","first_page":"625","last_page":"638"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10472","display_name":"Semiconductor materials and devices","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11181","display_name":"Advanced Data Storage Technologies","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6429081559181213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nand-gate","display_name":"NAND gate","score":0.6011461019515991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flash","display_name":"Flash (photography)","score":0.5249188542366028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.49465319514274597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.4830899238586426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chip","display_name":"Chip","score":0.4773595333099365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arithmetic","display_name":"Arithmetic","score":0.4185595214366913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.4003854990005493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.3445776104927063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/logic-gate","display_name":"Logic gate","score":0.34185174107551575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.3382009267807007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.20715001225471497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.16739338636398315}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6429081559181213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124296912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q575178","display_name":"NAND gate","level":3,"score":0.6011461019515991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777526259","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221836","display_name":"Flash (photography)","level":2,"score":0.5249188542366028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.49465319514274597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.4830899238586426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165005293","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1074500","display_name":"Chip","level":2,"score":0.4773595333099365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.4185595214366913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4003854990005493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.3445776104927063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131017901","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170451","display_name":"Logic gate","level":2,"score":0.34185174107551575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.3382009267807007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.20715001225471497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.16739338636398315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jssc.2021.3098671","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2021.3098671","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83637746","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits","issn_l":"0018-9200","issn":["0018-9200","1558-173X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320317879","display_name":"SK Hynix","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2007047290","https://openalex.org/W2013733412","https://openalex.org/W2041707122","https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W2419597278","https://openalex.org/W2563587242","https://openalex.org/W2591601611","https://openalex.org/W2742608242","https://openalex.org/W2777372517","https://openalex.org/W2785784536","https://openalex.org/W2790511620","https://openalex.org/W2790558670","https://openalex.org/W2792893539","https://openalex.org/W2793168176","https://openalex.org/W2794288888","https://openalex.org/W2801589453","https://openalex.org/W2898665561","https://openalex.org/W2898913080","https://openalex.org/W2904299207","https://openalex.org/W2905557681","https://openalex.org/W2910887191","https://openalex.org/W2914227483","https://openalex.org/W2921329602","https://openalex.org/W2922344031","https://openalex.org/W2922487710","https://openalex.org/W2966524683","https://openalex.org/W3006244250","https://openalex.org/W3006432798","https://openalex.org/W3006436277","https://openalex.org/W3015432327","https://openalex.org/W3015887053","https://openalex.org/W3015980402","https://openalex.org/W3016014942","https://openalex.org/W3017968097","https://openalex.org/W3039403794","https://openalex.org/W3134195144","https://openalex.org/W4247198796","https://openalex.org/W6717177883"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2054139911","https://openalex.org/W1577524679","https://openalex.org/W2162027152","https://openalex.org/W2489439822","https://openalex.org/W3165307257","https://openalex.org/W2515312339","https://openalex.org/W2145098804","https://openalex.org/W4237143391","https://openalex.org/W4226211266","https://openalex.org/W2991151827"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0,51],"neural":[1,89],"network":[2,90],"hardware":[3],"inspired":[4],"by":[5],"the":[6,58,104,108,113,121],"3-D":[7],"NAND":[8,128],"flash":[9,23],"array":[10],"structure":[11],"was":[12],"experimentally":[13],"demonstrated":[14],"in":[15,79,132],"a":[16,34,83,93,133],"standard":[17,134],"65-nm":[18],"CMOS":[19],"process.":[20,136],"Logic-compatible":[21],"embedded":[22,127],"memory":[24],"cells":[25],"were":[26],"used":[27],"for":[28,107],"storing":[29],"multi-level":[30],"synaptic":[31],"weights":[32,76],"while":[33],"bit-serial":[35],"architecture":[36],"enables":[37],"8":[38,47],"bit":[39,48],"<inline-formula":[40,65],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[41,66],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">":[42,67],"<tex-math":[43,68],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$\\times":[44],"$":[45],"</tex-math></inline-formula>":[46,71],"multiply-and-accumulate":[49],"operation.":[50],"novel":[52],"back-pattern":[53],"tolerant":[54],"program-verify":[55],"scheme":[56],"reduces":[57],"cell":[59],"current":[60],"variation":[61],"to":[62],"less":[63],"than":[64],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$0.6~\\mu":[69],"\\text{A}$":[70],".":[72],"Positive":[73],"and":[74],"negative":[75],"are":[77],"stored":[78],"adjacent":[80],"bitlines,":[81],"generating":[82],"differential":[84],"output":[85],"signal.":[86],"Our":[87],"eNAND-based":[88],"core":[91],"achieves":[92],"98.5%":[94],"handwritten":[95],"digit":[96],"recognition":[97],"accuracy":[98,106],"which":[99],"is":[100],"within":[101],"0.5%":[102],"of":[103,115,125],"software":[105],"same":[109],"weight":[110],"precision.":[111],"To":[112],"best":[114],"our":[116],"knowledge,":[117],"this":[118],"work":[119],"represents":[120],"first":[122],"physical":[123],"demonstration":[124],"an":[126],"flash-based":[129],"compute-in-memory":[130],"chip":[131],"logic":[135]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}