{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3140513574","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2021.3062554","title":"A PVT Variation-Robust All-Digital Injection-Locked Clock Multiplier With Real-Time Offset Tracking Using Time-Division Dual Calibration","display_name":"A PVT Variation-Robust All-Digital Injection-Locked Clock Multiplier With Real-Time Offset Tracking Using Time-Division Dual Calibration","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-03-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3140513574","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2021.3062554","mag":"3140513574"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jssc.2021.3062554","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2021.3062554","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83637746","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits","issn_l":"0018-9200","issn":["0018-9200","1558-173X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037317381","display_name":"Min-Seong Choo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8638-6332"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139264467","display_name":"Seoul National University","ror":"https://ror.org/04h9pn542","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78577930","display_name":"Columbia University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj8s172","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}],"countries":["KR","US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Min-Seong Choo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Columbia University, New York, NY, USA","Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea","Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Columbia University, New York, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040605443","display_name":"Sungwoo Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4189-7120"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134353371","display_name":"SK Group (South Korea)","ror":"https://ror.org/03696td91","country_code":"KR","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134353371"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sungwoo Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["SK Hynix, Icheon, South Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SK Hynix, Icheon, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134353371"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024718349","display_name":"Han-Gon Ko","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5184-3321"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Han-Gon Ko","raw_affiliation_strings":["ONE Semiconductor, Suwon, South Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ONE Semiconductor, Suwon, South Korea","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101622145","display_name":"Sung\u2010Yong Cho","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1863-1719"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2250650973","display_name":"Samsung (South Korea)","ror":"https://ror.org/04w3jy968","country_code":"KR","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2250650973"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sung-Yong Cho","raw_affiliation_strings":["Samsung Electronics, Hwaseong, South Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Samsung Electronics, Hwaseong, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2250650973"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084577882","display_name":"Kwanseo Park","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4727-9868"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kwanseo Park","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100725769","display_name":"Jinhyung Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0548-3836"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134353371","display_name":"SK Group (South Korea)","ror":"https://ror.org/03696td91","country_code":"KR","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134353371"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jinhyung Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["SK Hynix, Icheon, South Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SK Hynix, Icheon, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134353371"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037536146","display_name":"Soyeong Shin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6439-4825"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139264467","display_name":"Seoul National University","ror":"https://ror.org/04h9pn542","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Soyeong Shin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea","Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013203135","display_name":"Hankyu Chi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134353371","display_name":"SK Group (South Korea)","ror":"https://ror.org/03696td91","country_code":"KR","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134353371"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hankyu Chi","raw_affiliation_strings":["SK Hynix, Icheon, South Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SK Hynix, Icheon, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134353371"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008010401","display_name":"Deog\u2010Kyoon Jeong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0436-703X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139264467","display_name":"Seoul National University","ror":"https://ror.org/04h9pn542","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Deog-Kyoon Jeong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea","Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5037317381"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467","https://openalex.org/I78577930"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.8096,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.71234225,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"56","issue":"8","first_page":"2525","last_page":"2538"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11417","display_name":"Advancements in PLL and VCO Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11417","display_name":"Advancements in PLL and VCO Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10187","display_name":"Radio Frequency Integrated Circuit Design","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10323","display_name":"Analog and Mixed-Signal Circuit Design","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/jitter","display_name":"Jitter","score":0.8024017810821533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/offset","display_name":"Offset (computer science)","score":0.6591283679008484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/replica","display_name":"Replica","score":0.6178547143936157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5119458436965942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.5037807822227478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phase-detector","display_name":"Phase detector","score":0.4595990777015686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/utc-offset","display_name":"UTC offset","score":0.4553033709526062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/injection-locking","display_name":"Injection locking","score":0.4389357268810272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/residual","display_name":"Residual","score":0.4325541853904724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multiplier","display_name":"Multiplier (economics)","score":0.4309142827987671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phase-locked-loop","display_name":"Phase-locked loop","score":0.4196665287017822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.41239866614341736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.19495025277137756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.17261457443237305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.153432697057724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.15323993563652039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.14885830879211426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.14736002683639526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.12163132429122925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.11304903030395508}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134652429","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1052698","display_name":"Jitter","level":2,"score":0.8024017810821533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175291020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1156822","display_name":"Offset (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.6591283679008484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775937380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1232589","display_name":"Replica","level":2,"score":0.6178547143936157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5119458436965942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.5037807822227478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110086884","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2085341","display_name":"Phase detector","level":3,"score":0.4595990777015686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185588997","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187110","display_name":"UTC offset","level":3,"score":0.4553033709526062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101476363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798800","display_name":"Injection locking","level":3,"score":0.4389357268810272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155512373","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287450","display_name":"Residual","level":2,"score":0.4325541853904724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124584101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1053266","display_name":"Multiplier (economics)","level":2,"score":0.4309142827987671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12707504","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52637","display_name":"Phase-locked loop","level":3,"score":0.4196665287017822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.41239866614341736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.19495025277137756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.17261457443237305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.153432697057724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.15323993563652039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.14885830879211426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.14736002683639526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.12163132429122925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.11304903030395508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139719470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39680","display_name":"Macroeconomics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C520434653","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38867","display_name":"Laser","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jssc.2021.3062554","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2021.3062554","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83637746","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits","issn_l":"0018-9200","issn":["0018-9200","1558-173X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322202","display_name":"IC Design Education Center","ror":"https://ror.org/005v57z85"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1972734901","https://openalex.org/W1989484081","https://openalex.org/W2001782539","https://openalex.org/W2016167819","https://openalex.org/W2051547299","https://openalex.org/W2069335439","https://openalex.org/W2093875124","https://openalex.org/W2100957399","https://openalex.org/W2102596261","https://openalex.org/W2106687953","https://openalex.org/W2118565267","https://openalex.org/W2121854746","https://openalex.org/W2154332266","https://openalex.org/W2167891824","https://openalex.org/W2172477025","https://openalex.org/W2177383565","https://openalex.org/W2462522525","https://openalex.org/W2592753695","https://openalex.org/W2593659858","https://openalex.org/W2604010964","https://openalex.org/W2790721690","https://openalex.org/W2792678133","https://openalex.org/W2885320886","https://openalex.org/W2895509314","https://openalex.org/W2899298050","https://openalex.org/W2913630574","https://openalex.org/W2946097807","https://openalex.org/W2954555660","https://openalex.org/W2960011723","https://openalex.org/W2982033980","https://openalex.org/W3030003518","https://openalex.org/W6643546249","https://openalex.org/W6674177514","https://openalex.org/W6734412750"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2295601265","https://openalex.org/W2148370333","https://openalex.org/W2936029881","https://openalex.org/W2096085680","https://openalex.org/W1978946573","https://openalex.org/W2908219865","https://openalex.org/W1153251241","https://openalex.org/W1576501709","https://openalex.org/W1990401855","https://openalex.org/W4381745543"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Although":[0],"an":[1],"injection-locked":[2,62],"oscillator":[3,74],"(ILO)":[4],"can":[5],"offer":[6],"excellent":[7],"jitter":[8],"performance":[9],"on":[10,49,56],"average,":[11],"its":[12],"intense":[13],"phase":[14,46,143,150],"modification":[15],"at":[16],"a":[17,34,44,50,53,138],"given":[18],"injection":[19,26,77],"rate":[20],"inevitably":[21],"degrades":[22],"spur":[23,84],"performance,":[24],"unless":[25],"timing":[27,88,107],"is":[28,66,79,160],"carefully":[29],"controlled.":[30],"This":[31],"work":[32],"investigates":[33],"behavioral":[35],"model":[36],"of":[37,43,59,106],"the":[38,57,60,72,76,87,92,104,112,120,127,142,148,156],"ILO":[39],"with":[40],"digital":[41,61],"control":[42],"bang-bang":[45],"detector":[47],"(BBPD)":[48],"discrete-time":[51],"domain,":[52],"quantitative":[54],"analysis":[55],"dynamics":[58],"clock":[63],"multiplier":[64],"(ILCM)":[65],"provided.":[67],"Adjusting":[68],"frequency":[69],"error":[70],"between":[71,111],"free-running":[73],"and":[75,115,117],"signal":[78],"crucial":[80],"to":[81,125,136],"obtain":[82],"better":[83],"performance.":[85],"However,":[86],"offset":[89,108,151],"caused":[90],"by":[91],"device":[93],"mismatches":[94],"hinders":[95],"it":[96],"from":[97],"being":[98],"correctly":[99],"compensated.":[100],"Therefore,":[101],"we":[102],"investigate":[103],"effect":[105],"(or":[109],"mismatch)":[110],"replica":[113,132],"cells":[114,133],"BBPD":[116],"then":[118],"propose":[119],"time-division":[121],"dual":[122],"calibration":[123],"(TDDC)":[124],"reduce":[126],"discrepancies.":[128],"In":[129],"addition,":[130],"three-stage":[131],"are":[134],"chosen":[135],"achieve":[137],"robust":[139],"operation":[140],"in":[141],"generating":[144],"aspect.":[145],"By":[146],"removing":[147],"residual":[149],"using":[152],"multiple":[153],"delay":[154],"cells,":[155],"optimum":[157],"locking":[158],"point":[159],"guaranteed.":[161]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}