{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3107918050","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2020.3036895","title":"Dynamic Focusing of Large Arrays for Wireless Power Transfer and Beyond","display_name":"Dynamic Focusing of Large Arrays for Wireless Power Transfer and Beyond","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-11-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3107918050","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2020.3036895","mag":"3107918050"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jssc.2020.3036895","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2020.3036895","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/4/9466892/09270598.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83637746","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits","issn_l":"0018-9200","issn":["0018-9200","1558-173X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/4/9466892/09270598.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079016793","display_name":"Ali Hajimiri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6736-8019"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122411786","display_name":"California Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05dxps055","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122411786"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ali Hajimiri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122411786"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029118202","display_name":"Behrooz Abiri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3317-2752"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122411786","display_name":"California Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05dxps055","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122411786"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Behrooz Abiri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA","GuRu Wirelesss Inc., Pasadena, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122411786"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"GuRu Wirelesss Inc., Pasadena, CA, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003632278","display_name":"Florian Bohn","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4619-378X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122411786","display_name":"California Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05dxps055","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122411786"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Florian Bohn","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA","GuRu Wirelesss Inc., Pasadena, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122411786"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"GuRu Wirelesss Inc., Pasadena, CA, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065221630","display_name":"Matan Gal-Katziri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9100-1188"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122411786","display_name":"California Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05dxps055","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122411786"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matan Gal-Katziri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122411786"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108014368","display_name":"M. Manohara","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1180-8470"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122411786","display_name":"California Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05dxps055","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122411786"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohith H. Manohara","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122411786"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5079016793"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122411786"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.6974,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":61,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90820108,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"56","issue":"7","first_page":"2077","last_page":"2101"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11392","display_name":"Energy Harvesting in Wireless Networks","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11392","display_name":"Energy Harvesting in Wireless Networks","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10069","display_name":"Antenna Design and Analysis","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11946","display_name":"Antenna Design and Optimization","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-power-transfer","display_name":"Wireless power transfer","score":0.6679204106330872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5485041737556458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.5284644961357117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.47686657309532166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dynamic-range","display_name":"Dynamic range","score":0.4513224959373474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.34463146328926086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2738940417766571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.1575019657611847}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779423816","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6856398","display_name":"Wireless power transfer","level":3,"score":0.6679204106330872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5485041737556458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.5284644961357117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.47686657309532166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87133666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161699","display_name":"Dynamic range","level":2,"score":0.4513224959373474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.34463146328926086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2738940417766571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.1575019657611847}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jssc.2020.3036895","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2020.3036895","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/4/9466892/09270598.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83637746","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits","issn_l":"0018-9200","issn":["0018-9200","1558-173X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:authors.library.caltech.edu:107088","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20201215-141035798","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402161","display_name":"CaltechAUTHORS (California Institute of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I122411786","host_organization_name":"California Institute of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122411786"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jssc.2020.3036895","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2020.3036895","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/4/9466892/09270598.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83637746","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits","issn_l":"0018-9200","issn":["0018-9200","1558-173X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.8899999856948853,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309398","display_name":"California Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05dxps055"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3107918050.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3107918050.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":46,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W653243417","https://openalex.org/W761890699","https://openalex.org/W1525113392","https://openalex.org/W1538557959","https://openalex.org/W1595367758","https://openalex.org/W1644431712","https://openalex.org/W1892319649","https://openalex.org/W2022342106","https://openalex.org/W2034198076","https://openalex.org/W2034390587","https://openalex.org/W2045522226","https://openalex.org/W2074933554","https://openalex.org/W2096066555","https://openalex.org/W2104663509","https://openalex.org/W2104730490","https://openalex.org/W2109018240","https://openalex.org/W2109324008","https://openalex.org/W2110052350","https://openalex.org/W2110694359","https://openalex.org/W2122398076","https://openalex.org/W2123786525","https://openalex.org/W2125516538","https://openalex.org/W2128027693","https://openalex.org/W2132375729","https://openalex.org/W2141608375","https://openalex.org/W2152405710","https://openalex.org/W2155678104","https://openalex.org/W2160709449","https://openalex.org/W2282852807","https://openalex.org/W2296319761","https://openalex.org/W2472922715","https://openalex.org/W2567576169","https://openalex.org/W2734412725","https://openalex.org/W2885187199","https://openalex.org/W2907601394","https://openalex.org/W2915467573","https://openalex.org/W2945632665","https://openalex.org/W2952293885","https://openalex.org/W2972017208","https://openalex.org/W3089099972","https://openalex.org/W3094514398","https://openalex.org/W3127899545","https://openalex.org/W4205279868","https://openalex.org/W4250589301","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6790073680"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2110986236","https://openalex.org/W3162465943","https://openalex.org/W2516936060","https://openalex.org/W2944749328","https://openalex.org/W2974177258","https://openalex.org/W3132790021","https://openalex.org/W2371781948","https://openalex.org/W2283463320","https://openalex.org/W2978406538"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,159],"present":[1],"architectures,":[2],"circuits,":[3],"and":[4,10,18,27,44,48,97,105,109,113,121,135,209,248,265],"algorithms":[5],"for":[6,126],"dynamic":[7,89],"3-D":[8],"lensing":[9,213],"focusing":[11],"of":[12,71,82,93,156,164,171,211,223],"electromagnetic":[13],"power":[14,36,64,177,184,225,244],"in":[15,133,216,268],"radiative":[16],"near-":[17],"far-field":[19],"regions":[20],"by":[21],"arrays":[22,170],"that":[23,180],"can":[24,30,226,241],"be":[25,227],"arbitrary":[26],"nonuniform.":[28],"They":[29],"benefit":[31],"applications":[32],"such":[33,94],"as":[34],"wireless":[35,231,262],"transfer":[37,232],"at":[38,65,145,233,245,249],"a":[39,199,230],"distance":[40],"(WPT-AD),":[41],"volumetric":[42],"sensing":[43],"imaging,":[45],"high-throughput":[46],"communications,":[47],"optical":[49],"phased":[50],"arrays.":[51],"Theoretical":[52],"limits":[53],"on":[54,178],"system":[55,240],"performance":[56],"are":[57,257],"calculated.":[58],"An":[59,151],"adaptive":[60],"algorithm":[61],"focuses":[62],"the":[63,66,80,88,103,157,182,207,269],"receiver(s)":[67],"without":[68],"prior":[69],"knowledge":[70],"its":[72],"location(s).":[73],"It":[74],"uses":[75],"orthogonal":[76,96],"bases":[77],"to":[78,86,117,166,175,185],"change":[79],"phases":[81],"multiple":[83],"elements":[84,168],"simultaneously":[85],"enhance":[87],"range.":[90],"One":[91],"class":[92],"2-D":[95],"pseudo-orthogonal":[98],"masks":[99],"is":[100],"constructed":[101],"using":[102,148],"Hadamard":[104],"pseudo-Hadamard":[106],"matrices.":[107],"Generation":[108],"recovery":[110],"units":[111],"(GU":[112],"RU)":[114],"work":[115],"collaboratively":[116],"focus":[118,176],"energy":[119],"quickly":[120],"reliably":[122],"with":[123],"no":[124],"need":[125],"factory":[127],"calibration.":[128],"Orthogonality":[129],"enables":[130,153],"batch":[131],"processing":[132],"high-latency":[134],"low-rate":[136],"communication":[137,266],"settings.":[138],"Secondary":[139],"vector-based":[140],"calculations":[141],"allow":[142],"instantaneous":[143],"refocusing":[144],"different":[146],"locations":[147],"element-wise":[149],"calculations.":[150],"emulator":[152],"further":[154],"evaluation":[155],"system.":[158],"demonstrate":[160,206],"modular":[161],"WPT-AD":[162],"GUs":[163],"up":[165],"400":[167],"utilizing":[169],"65-nm":[172],"CMOS":[173],"ICs":[174],"RUs":[179],"convert":[181],"RF":[183,193,212],"dc.":[186],"Each":[187],"RFIC":[188],"synthesizes":[189],"16":[190],"independently":[191],"phase-controlled":[192],"outputs":[194],"around":[195],"10":[196,253],"GHz":[197],"from":[198],"common":[200],"single":[201],"low-frequency":[202],"reference.":[203],"Detailed":[204],"measurements":[205],"feasibility":[208],"effectiveness":[210],"techniques":[214],"presented":[215],"this":[217],"article.":[218],"More":[219],"than":[220,236,252],"2":[221],"W":[222],"dc":[224],"recovered":[228],"through":[229],"distances":[234,250],"greater":[235,251],"1":[237],"m.":[238,254],"The":[239],"dynamically":[242],"project":[243],"various":[246],"angles":[247],"These":[255],"developments":[256],"another":[258],"step":[259],"toward":[260],"unified":[261],"power,":[263],"sensing,":[264],"solutions":[267],"future.":[270]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}