{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3032063456","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2020.2995038","title":"A 1-nA 4.5-nW 289-ppm/\u00b0C Current Reference Using Automatic Calibration","display_name":"A 1-nA 4.5-nW 289-ppm/\u00b0C Current Reference Using Automatic Calibration","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-05-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3032063456","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2020.2995038","mag":"3032063456"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jssc.2020.2995038","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2020.2995038","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83637746","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits","issn_l":"0018-9200","issn":["0018-9200","1558-173X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100320212","display_name":"Sang-Hoon Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9927-3038"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91045830","display_name":"Texas A&M University","ror":"https://ror.org/01f5ytq51","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sanghoon Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9927-3038","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023786512","display_name":"Stephen K. Heinrich-Barna","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5767-0166"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74760111","display_name":"Texas Instruments (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/03vsmv677","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74760111"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stephen Heinrich-Barna","raw_affiliation_strings":["Texas Instruments, Dallas, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5767-0166","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Texas Instruments, Dallas, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74760111"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076920595","display_name":"Kyoohyun Noh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2912-5539"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I93085520","display_name":"Silicon Labs (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/02dyqfb80","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I93085520"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kyoohyun Noh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Silicon Labs, Nashua, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2912-5539","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Silicon Labs, Nashua, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93085520"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026133117","display_name":"Keith Kunz","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74760111","display_name":"Texas Instruments (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/03vsmv677","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74760111"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Keith Kunz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Texas Instruments, Tucson, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Texas Instruments, Tucson, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74760111"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019857998","display_name":"E. S\u00e1nchez\u2010Sinencio","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2116-1842"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91045830","display_name":"Texas A&M University","ror":"https://ror.org/01f5ytq51","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Edgar Sanchez-Sinencio","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2116-1842","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2045,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2045},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.3592,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":25,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.78444849,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"55","issue":"9","first_page":"2498","last_page":"2512"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10323","display_name":"Analog and Mixed-Signal Circuit Design","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10323","display_name":"Analog and Mixed-Signal Circuit Design","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11992","display_name":"CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11417","display_name":"Advancements in PLL and VCO Technologies","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trimming","display_name":"Trimming","score":0.9041494131088257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/calibration","display_name":"Calibration","score":0.7962707877159119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/current","display_name":"Current (fluid)","score":0.5590634346008301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power-consumption","display_name":"Power consumption","score":0.5556716322898865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cmos","display_name":"CMOS","score":0.5428658723831177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.5373913049697876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensitivity","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","score":0.49106812477111816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.4887266159057617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/timer","display_name":"Timer","score":0.4672303795814514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/temperature-coefficient","display_name":"Temperature coefficient","score":0.4579251706600189},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.4545934796333313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/line-regulation","display_name":"Line regulation","score":0.41575199365615845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage-reference","display_name":"Voltage reference","score":0.41530707478523254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.40242812037467957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.38267412781715393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.3440074920654297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.27711233496665955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.2542564570903778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.21913102269172668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.18312937021255493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microcontroller","display_name":"Microcontroller","score":0.0731934905052185}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56951928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3539213","display_name":"Trimming","level":2,"score":0.9041494131088257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165838908","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q736777","display_name":"Calibration","level":2,"score":0.7962707877159119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148043351","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4456944","display_name":"Current (fluid)","level":2,"score":0.5590634346008301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984118289","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29954","display_name":"Power consumption","level":3,"score":0.5556716322898865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46362747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173431","display_name":"CMOS","level":2,"score":0.5428658723831177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.5373913049697876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21200559","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7451068","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","level":2,"score":0.49106812477111816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.4887266159057617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776633867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186612","display_name":"Timer","level":3,"score":0.4672303795814514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16643434","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q898642","display_name":"Temperature coefficient","level":2,"score":0.4579251706600189},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.4545934796333313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777901765","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6553328","display_name":"Line regulation","level":5,"score":0.41575199365615845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44351266","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1465532","display_name":"Voltage reference","level":3,"score":0.41530707478523254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.40242812037467957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.38267412781715393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.3440074920654297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.27711233496665955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.2542564570903778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.21913102269172668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.18312937021255493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173018170","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165678","display_name":"Microcontroller","level":2,"score":0.0731934905052185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15032970","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q851210","display_name":"Dropout voltage","level":4,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jssc.2020.2995038","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2020.2995038","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83637746","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits","issn_l":"0018-9200","issn":["0018-9200","1558-173X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9100000262260437,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G803909923","display_name":"SHF:Small: OSCARS:  Optimizing Self-Configurable Analog ICs for Reliability and Security","funder_award_id":"1815583","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320307801","display_name":"Texas Instruments","ror":"https://ror.org/03vsmv677"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W566978853","https://openalex.org/W1650807027","https://openalex.org/W1984863066","https://openalex.org/W1994871534","https://openalex.org/W2094630803","https://openalex.org/W2094860990","https://openalex.org/W2101466451","https://openalex.org/W2112611349","https://openalex.org/W2123617179","https://openalex.org/W2157024459","https://openalex.org/W2300140172","https://openalex.org/W2514511665","https://openalex.org/W2584442328","https://openalex.org/W2752814435","https://openalex.org/W2769467480","https://openalex.org/W2793678426","https://openalex.org/W2897611918","https://openalex.org/W2898745153","https://openalex.org/W2942885499","https://openalex.org/W3103339143","https://openalex.org/W4243323783","https://openalex.org/W4252966864","https://openalex.org/W6675374072","https://openalex.org/W6697680630","https://openalex.org/W6749936012"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W3190121635","https://openalex.org/W4362607854","https://openalex.org/W2006631172","https://openalex.org/W2012993350","https://openalex.org/W2358926260","https://openalex.org/W2943136973","https://openalex.org/W2378705212","https://openalex.org/W3001015923","https://openalex.org/W3032063456"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"article":[1],"proposes":[2],"an":[3,13],"ultralow-power":[4],"accurate":[5],"current":[6,21,24,27,86],"reference":[7,28,87],"that":[8,66,84],"generates":[9],"1-nA":[10],"current.":[11],"Since":[12],"automatic":[14],"calibration":[15,75],"circuit":[16],"periodically":[17],"calibrates":[18],"the":[19,23,26,68,71,74,85,120],"generated":[20],"of":[22,70,92,99,123],"reference,":[25],"is":[29,76,113],"able":[30],"to":[31],"achieve":[32],"ultralow":[33],"power":[34,111,121],"consumption":[35,112,122],"and":[36,55,95],"high":[37],"accuracy":[38],"simultaneously":[39],"without":[40],"employing":[41],"a":[42,51,59,89,96,105,124],"multiple":[43,106],"temperature":[44,90,107],"trimming.":[45,108],"Prototype":[46],"chips":[47],"are":[48,56],"fabricated":[49],"in":[50],"180-nm":[52],"CMOS":[53],"technology":[54],"tested":[57],"with":[58,101],"field":[60],"programmable":[61],"gate":[62],"array":[63],"(FPGA)":[64],"board":[65],"controls":[67],"timing":[69],"calibration.":[72],"When":[73],"activated":[77],"every":[78],"25":[79],"min,":[80],"measurement":[81],"results":[82],"show":[83],"achieves":[88],"coefficient":[91],"289":[93],"ppm/\u00b0C":[94],"line":[97],"sensitivity":[98],"1.4%/V":[100],"no":[102],"help":[103],"from":[104],"Estimated":[109],"total":[110],"4.5":[114],"nW":[115],"at":[116],"23":[117],"\u00b0C,":[118],"including":[119],"wake-up":[125],"timer.":[126]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-08-28T12:50:07.497085","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}