{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3027324516","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2020.2992900","title":"An 8.93 TOPS/W LSTM Recurrent Neural Network Accelerator Featuring Hierarchical Coarse-Grain Sparsity for On-Device Speech Recognition","display_name":"An 8.93 TOPS/W LSTM Recurrent Neural Network Accelerator Featuring Hierarchical Coarse-Grain Sparsity for On-Device Speech Recognition","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-05-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3027324516","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2020.2992900","mag":"3027324516"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jssc.2020.2992900","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2020.2992900","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83637746","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits","issn_l":"0018-9200","issn":["0018-9200","1558-173X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085748811","display_name":"Deepak Kadetotad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0924-7213"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137835","display_name":"Starkey Hearing Technologies (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/02yhzgr66","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210137835"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55732556","display_name":"Arizona State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03efmqc40","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Deepak Kadetotad","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, USA","Starkey Hearing Technologies, Eden Prairie, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Starkey Hearing Technologies, Eden Prairie, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137835"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074272474","display_name":"Shihui Yin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7186-0946"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55732556","display_name":"Arizona State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03efmqc40","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shihui Yin","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7186-0946","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021646973","display_name":"Visar Berisha","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8804-8874"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55732556","display_name":"Arizona State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03efmqc40","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Visar Berisha","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025336372","display_name":"Chaitali Chakrabarti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9859-7778"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55732556","display_name":"Arizona State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03efmqc40","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chaitali Chakrabarti","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007690955","display_name":"Jae-sun Seo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4551-7789"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55732556","display_name":"Arizona State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03efmqc40","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jae-sun Seo","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4551-7789","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5085748811"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137835","https://openalex.org/I55732556"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.8975,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":61,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95953041,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"55","issue":"7","first_page":"1877","last_page":"1887"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10201","display_name":"Speech Recognition and Synthesis","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10201","display_name":"Speech Recognition and Synthesis","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10320","display_name":"Neural Networks and Applications","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10860","display_name":"Speech and Audio Processing","score":0.9957000017166138,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8140340447425842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/recurrent-neural-network","display_name":"Recurrent neural network","score":0.7377901673316956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overhead","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","score":0.4858064651489258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.4836086332798004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.46805423498153687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.43635743856430054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-compression","display_name":"Data compression","score":0.42996177077293396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/compression-ratio","display_name":"Compression ratio","score":0.4196869730949402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.35814741253852844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.3524113595485687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3056115508079529}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8140340447425842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147168706","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1457734","display_name":"Recurrent neural network","level":3,"score":0.7377901673316956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.4858064651489258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.4836086332798004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.46805423498153687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.43635743856430054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78548338","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2493","display_name":"Data compression","level":2,"score":0.42996177077293396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25797200","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q828137","display_name":"Compression ratio","level":3,"score":0.4196869730949402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.35814741253852844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.3524113595485687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3056115508079529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C511840579","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12757","display_name":"Internal combustion engine","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171146098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192","display_name":"Automotive engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jssc.2020.2992900","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2020.2992900","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83637746","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits","issn_l":"0018-9200","issn":["0018-9200","1558-173X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.6700000166893005,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1494198834","https://openalex.org/W2001905757","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2250357346","https://openalex.org/W2289252105","https://openalex.org/W2314470091","https://openalex.org/W2316607014","https://openalex.org/W2534720278","https://openalex.org/W2585720638","https://openalex.org/W2744228767","https://openalex.org/W2754526845","https://openalex.org/W2766195687","https://openalex.org/W2782451907","https://openalex.org/W2788838111","https://openalex.org/W2898867055","https://openalex.org/W2916979304","https://openalex.org/W2922086978","https://openalex.org/W2940722902","https://openalex.org/W2943148367","https://openalex.org/W2962820060","https://openalex.org/W2963674932","https://openalex.org/W2963820107","https://openalex.org/W2964227577","https://openalex.org/W2981800892","https://openalex.org/W2988559961","https://openalex.org/W2990865680","https://openalex.org/W3016076969","https://openalex.org/W4239824580","https://openalex.org/W6691509046","https://openalex.org/W6744208968","https://openalex.org/W6747836893","https://openalex.org/W6775940834"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4383723869","https://openalex.org/W2161302774","https://openalex.org/W2388481516","https://openalex.org/W3007688875","https://openalex.org/W4384298135","https://openalex.org/W4383722264","https://openalex.org/W1723410974","https://openalex.org/W3209669196","https://openalex.org/W2110517301","https://openalex.org/W3123970444"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Long":[0],"short-term":[1],"memory":[2,71,95],"(LSTM)":[3],"is":[4,13],"a":[5,41],"type":[6],"of":[7,44,62],"recurrent":[8],"neural":[9],"networks":[10,114],"(RNNs),":[11],"which":[12],"widely":[14],"used":[15],"for":[16,34,140,161],"time-series":[17],"data":[18,166],"and":[19,47,73,164],"speech":[20,142,155],"applications,":[21],"due":[22],"to":[23,57,117,137],"its":[24],"high":[25],"accuracy":[26],"on":[27,148],"such":[28],"tasks.":[29],"However,":[30],"LSTMs":[31,63,146,151],"pose":[32],"difficulties":[33],"efficient":[35],"hardware":[36],"implementation":[37],"because":[38],"they":[39],"require":[40],"large":[42],"amount":[43],"weight":[45,109],"storage":[46],"exhibit":[48],"computation":[49],"complexity.":[50],"Prior":[51],"works":[52],"have":[53,152],"proposed":[54],"compression":[55,75,79,96],"techniques":[56,76],"alleviate":[58],"the":[59,105],"storage/computation":[60],"requirements":[61],"but":[64],"elementwise":[65],"sparsity":[66,101],"schemes":[67],"incur":[68],"sizable":[69],"index":[70],"overhead":[72],"structured":[74],"report":[77],"limited":[78],"ratios.":[80],"In":[81],"this":[82],"article,":[83],"we":[84,111],"present":[85],"an":[86,92],"energy-efficient":[87,154],"LSTM":[88,113],"RNN":[89],"accelerator,":[90],"featuring":[91],"algorithm-hardware":[93],"co-optimized":[94],"technique":[97],"called":[98],"hierarchical":[99],"coarse-grain":[100],"(HCGS).":[102],"Aided":[103],"by":[104],"HCGS-based":[106,150],"blockwise":[107],"recursive":[108],"compression,":[110],"demonstrate":[112],"with":[115,157],"up":[116,136],"16\u00d7":[118],"fewer":[119],"weights":[120],"while":[121],"achieving":[122],"minimal":[123],"error":[124,159],"rate":[125],"degradation.":[126],"The":[127],"prototype":[128],"chip":[129],"fabricated":[130],"in":[131],"65-nm":[132],"LP":[133],"CMOS":[134],"achieves":[135],"8.93":[138],"TOPS/W":[139],"real-time":[141],"recognition":[143,156],"using":[144],"compressed":[145],"based":[147],"HCGS.":[149],"demonstrated":[153],"low":[158],"rates":[160],"TIMIT,":[162],"TED-LIUM,":[163],"LibriSpeech":[165],"sets.":[167]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-05-30T09:04:40.226872","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}