{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2981240739","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2019.2939888","title":"A 12.08-TOPS/W All-Digital Time-Domain CNN Engine Using Bi-Directional Memory Delay Lines for Energy Efficient Edge Computing","display_name":"A 12.08-TOPS/W All-Digital Time-Domain CNN Engine Using Bi-Directional Memory Delay Lines for Energy Efficient Edge Computing","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-10-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2981240739","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2019.2939888","mag":"2981240739"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jssc.2019.2939888","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2019.2939888","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83637746","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits","issn_l":"0018-9200","issn":["0018-9200","1558-173X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015176330","display_name":"Aseem Sayal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3078-9498"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86519309","display_name":"The University of Texas at Austin","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj54h04","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aseem Sayal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3078-9498","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009445829","display_name":"S. S. Teja Nibhanupudi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6733-1910"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86519309","display_name":"The University of Texas at Austin","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj54h04","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S. S. Teja Nibhanupudi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086508805","display_name":"Shirin Fathima","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210153776","display_name":"Apple (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/059hsda18","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210153776"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86519309","display_name":"The University of Texas at Austin","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj54h04","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shirin Fathima","raw_affiliation_strings":["Apple Inc., Cupertino, USA","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Apple Inc., Cupertino, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210153776"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003048953","display_name":"Jaydeep P. Kulkarni","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0258-6776"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86519309","display_name":"The University of Texas at Austin","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj54h04","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jaydeep P. Kulkarni","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0258-6776","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2045,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2045},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.1249,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":66,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92330693,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"55","issue":"1","first_page":"60","last_page":"75"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11992","display_name":"CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12808","display_name":"Ferroelectric and Negative Capacitance Devices","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mnist-database","display_name":"MNIST database","score":0.7749800682067871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6779974699020386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.6723980903625488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/throughput","display_name":"Throughput","score":0.5720939636230469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cmos","display_name":"CMOS","score":0.4953881502151489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enhanced-data-rates-for-gsm-evolution","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","score":0.42287930846214294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.4191575050354004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time-domain","display_name":"Time domain","score":0.41862332820892334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.413921982049942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.35126957297325134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.2696008086204529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.14395883679389954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.09376096725463867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.08817961812019348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.08342897891998291}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190502265","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17069496","display_name":"MNIST database","level":3,"score":0.7749800682067871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6779974699020386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.6723980903625488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157764524","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1383412","display_name":"Throughput","level":3,"score":0.5720939636230469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46362747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173431","display_name":"CMOS","level":2,"score":0.4953881502151489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.42287930846214294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.4191575050354004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103824480","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185889","display_name":"Time domain","level":2,"score":0.41862332820892334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.413921982049942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.35126957297325134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2696008086204529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.14395883679389954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.09376096725463867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.08817961812019348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.08342897891998291}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jssc.2019.2939888","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2019.2939888","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83637746","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits","issn_l":"0018-9200","issn":["0018-9200","1558-173X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9100000262260437,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320307757","display_name":"Advanced Micro Devices","ror":"https://ror.org/04kd6c783"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310620","display_name":"University of Texas at Austin","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj54h04"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1548957680","https://openalex.org/W1571482903","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1902934009","https://openalex.org/W1999085092","https://openalex.org/W2070154783","https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W2134713152","https://openalex.org/W2145287260","https://openalex.org/W2160815625","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2267635276","https://openalex.org/W2271840356","https://openalex.org/W2289252105","https://openalex.org/W2290132443","https://openalex.org/W2300242332","https://openalex.org/W2554302513","https://openalex.org/W2565960208","https://openalex.org/W2587531421","https://openalex.org/W2591601611","https://openalex.org/W2593564159","https://openalex.org/W2612246789","https://openalex.org/W2618530766","https://openalex.org/W2740857766","https://openalex.org/W2783247274","https://openalex.org/W2789805928","https://openalex.org/W2790556218","https://openalex.org/W2792893539","https://openalex.org/W2922382511","https://openalex.org/W2963114950","https://openalex.org/W4295262505","https://openalex.org/W6637373629","https://openalex.org/W6639703010","https://openalex.org/W6693397755","https://openalex.org/W6694517276","https://openalex.org/W6698200048","https://openalex.org/W6734592959","https://openalex.org/W6748783376","https://openalex.org/W6748877789"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2950475743","https://openalex.org/W4386603768","https://openalex.org/W2886711096","https://openalex.org/W4380078352","https://openalex.org/W3046591097","https://openalex.org/W2590796488","https://openalex.org/W4389249638","https://openalex.org/W3036048022","https://openalex.org/W4309224979","https://openalex.org/W3026879719"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1],"article,":[2],"we":[3],"demonstrate":[4],"an":[5,56,171],"energy":[6,172,316],"efficient":[7],"convolutional":[8],"neural":[9,52],"network":[10,53],"(CNN)":[11],"engine":[12,62,163],"by":[13],"performing":[14,296],"multiply-and-accumulate":[15],"(MAC)":[16],"operations":[17,303],"in":[18,55,164,185,251],"the":[19,102,110,131,143,186,205,216,221,237,246,252,307],"time":[20],"domain.":[21],"The":[22,59,81,154,231,290],"multi-bit":[23,263],"inputs":[24],"are":[25,122,265],"compactly":[26],"represented":[27],"as":[28],"a":[29,64,118,160,165,177,226],"single":[30],"pulse":[31],"width":[32],"encoded":[33],"input.":[34],"This":[35],"translates":[36],"into":[37,214],"reduced":[38],"switching":[39],"capacitance":[40],"(CDYN),":[41],"compared":[42,286,305],"to":[43,72,100,124,141,236,241,262],"baseline":[44,309],"digital":[45,87,310],"implementation,":[46],"and":[47,78,89,95,117,299,318],"can":[48],"enable":[49],"low":[50],"power":[51],"computing":[54,133],"edge":[57],"device.":[58],"time-domain":[60,132,156,223,294],"CNN":[61,162],"employs":[63],"novel":[65],"bi-directional":[66],"memory":[67],"delay":[68,147],"line":[69],"(MDL)":[70],"unit":[71],"perform":[73],"signed":[74],"accumulation":[75],"of":[76,130,174,179,220,229,259],"input":[77,301],"weight":[79,298],"products.":[80],"proposed":[82,155,291],"MDL":[83,120,152,157,292],"design":[84,158],"leverages":[85],"standard":[86],"circuits":[88],"does":[90],"not":[91],"require":[92],"any":[93],"capacitors":[94],"complex":[96],"analog-to-digital":[97],"converters":[98],"(ADCs)":[99],"realize":[101],"convolution":[103],"operation,":[104],"thereby":[105],"enabling":[106],"easy":[107],"scaling":[108,260],"across":[109],"process":[111,144,169],"technology":[112],"nodes.":[113],"Four":[114],"speed-up":[115,188,254],"modes":[116],"configurable":[119],"length":[121],"supported":[123],"address":[125],"throughput":[126,178],"versus":[127],"accuracy":[128,228,248,281],"trade-off":[129],"approach.":[134],"Delay":[135],"calibration":[136],"units":[137],"have":[138],"been":[139],"accommodated":[140],"mitigate":[142],"variation":[145],"induced":[146],"mismatch":[148],"among":[149],"concurrently":[150],"operating":[151],"units.":[153],"implements":[159],"LeNet-5":[161],"commercial":[166],"40-nm":[167,190],"CMOS":[168,191],"achieving":[170],"efficiency":[173,317],"12.08":[175],"TOPS/W,":[176],"0.365":[180],"GOPS":[181],"at":[182],"537":[183],"mV":[184],"16\u00d7":[187],"mode.":[189,255],"test-chip":[192,232],"measurements":[193],"over":[194,204,249,272],"100":[195],"MNIST":[196,209],"images":[197,212,278],"show":[198,225,279],"97%":[199],"classification":[200,227,247,280],"accuracy.":[201],"Simulation":[202,267],"results":[203,268],"entire":[206],"10":[207],"000":[208,274],"validation":[210,276],"dataset":[211,277],"taking":[213],"account":[215],"circuit":[217],"non-ideal":[218],"effects":[219],"MDL-based":[222],"approach":[224,295],"98.42%.":[230],"is":[233],"operational":[234],"down":[235],"near-threshold":[238],"voltage":[239],"(up":[240],"375":[242],"mV)":[243],"while":[244],"maintaining":[245],"90%":[250],"1\u00d7":[253],"Furthermore,":[256],"two":[257],"methods":[258],"MDLs":[261],"weights":[264],"proposed.":[266],"for":[269],"1000-class":[270],"AlexNet":[271],"50":[273],"ImageNet":[275],"loss":[282],"within":[283],"1%":[284],"when":[285,304],"with":[287,306],"software":[288],"implementation.":[289],"based":[293],"1-bit/8-bit":[297],"8-bit":[300],"MAC":[302],"corresponding":[308],"implementations":[311],"shows":[312],"2.09\u00d7":[313],"-2.32\u00d7":[314],"higher":[315],"2.22\u00d7-3.45\u00d7":[319],"smaller":[320],"area.":[321]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-08-28T12:50:07.497085","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
