{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2973862492","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2019.2938412","title":"A Modular, Direct Time-of-Flight Depth Sensor in 45/65-nm 3-D-Stacked CMOS Technology","display_name":"A Modular, Direct Time-of-Flight Depth Sensor in 45/65-nm 3-D-Stacked CMOS Technology","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-09-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2973862492","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2019.2938412","mag":"2973862492"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jssc.2019.2938412","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2019.2938412","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/4/8880462/08844705.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83637746","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits","issn_l":"0018-9200","issn":["0018-9200","1558-173X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/4/8880462/08844705.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108657506","display_name":"Augusto Ronchini Ximenes","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98358874","display_name":"Delft University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2c7k09","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Augusto Ronchini Ximenes","raw_affiliation_strings":["Applied Quantum Architecture Laboratory, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9121-3196","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Applied Quantum Architecture Laboratory, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069373987","display_name":"Preethi Padmanabhan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0070-170X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5124864","display_name":"\u00c9cole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne","ror":"https://ror.org/02s376052","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I5124864"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Preethi Padmanabhan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Advanced Quantum Architecture Laboratory, \u00c9cole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne, Neuchatel, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0070-170X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Advanced Quantum Architecture Laboratory, \u00c9cole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne, Neuchatel, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5124864"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024517783","display_name":"Myung-Jae Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0475-1437"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I58716616","display_name":"Korea Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05kzfa883","country_code":"KR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27494661","https://openalex.org/I2801339556","https://openalex.org/I2801339556","https://openalex.org/I4210144908","https://openalex.org/I4387152098","https://openalex.org/I4387152098","https://openalex.org/I58716616"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Myung-Jae Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Post-Silicon Semiconductor Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Post-Silicon Semiconductor Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I58716616"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090877327","display_name":"Y. Yamashita","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1475-2054"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210120917","display_name":"Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (Taiwan)","ror":"https://ror.org/02wx79d08","country_code":"TW","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210120917"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuichiro Yamashita","raw_affiliation_strings":["Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company, Hsinchu, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1475-2054","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company, Hsinchu, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120917"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109196083","display_name":"Dun-Nian Yaung","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210120917","display_name":"Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (Taiwan)","ror":"https://ror.org/02wx79d08","country_code":"TW","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210120917"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dun-Nian Yaung","raw_affiliation_strings":["Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company, Hsinchu, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company, Hsinchu, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120917"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026782847","display_name":"Edoardo Charbon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0620-3365"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5124864","display_name":"\u00c9cole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne","ror":"https://ror.org/02s376052","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I5124864"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Edoardo Charbon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Advanced Quantum Architecture Laboratory, \u00c9cole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne, Neuchatel, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0620-3365","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Advanced Quantum Architecture Laboratory, \u00c9cole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne, Neuchatel, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5124864"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5108657506"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":19.378,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":91,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99142857,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"54","issue":"11","first_page":"3203","last_page":"3214"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12153","display_name":"Advanced Optical Sensing Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3105","display_name":"Instrumentation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12153","display_name":"Advanced Optical Sensing Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3105","display_name":"Instrumentation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10540","display_name":"Advanced Fluorescence Microscopy Techniques","score":0.9818000197410583,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1304","display_name":"Biophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14117","display_name":"Integrated Circuits and Semiconductor Failure Analysis","score":0.9563999772071838,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cmos","display_name":"CMOS","score":0.6667078733444214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ranging","display_name":"Ranging","score":0.5275789499282837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-sensor","display_name":"Image sensor","score":0.525198757648468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lidar","display_name":"Lidar","score":0.5072888731956482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.47024980187416077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modular-design","display_name":"Modular design","score":0.4575154185295105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detector","display_name":"Detector","score":0.44774773716926575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/single-photon-avalanche-diode","display_name":"Single-photon avalanche diode","score":0.4438685476779938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cmos-sensor","display_name":"CMOS sensor","score":0.4255686402320862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/laser","display_name":"Laser","score":0.41918259859085083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.3770381212234497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.3675260841846466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.36435937881469727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optoelectronics","display_name":"Optoelectronics","score":0.31674396991729736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/avalanche-photodiode","display_name":"Avalanche photodiode","score":0.2993841767311096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.2919447124004364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.10030761361122131}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46362747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173431","display_name":"CMOS","level":2,"score":0.6667078733444214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115051666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6522493","display_name":"Ranging","level":2,"score":0.5275789499282837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76935873","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q209121","display_name":"Image sensor","level":2,"score":0.525198757648468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51399673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q504027","display_name":"Lidar","level":2,"score":0.5072888731956482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.47024980187416077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101468663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1620158","display_name":"Modular design","level":2,"score":0.4575154185295105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.44774773716926575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193361668","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7523761","display_name":"Single-photon avalanche diode","level":4,"score":0.4438685476779938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155512908","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210745","display_name":"CMOS sensor","level":3,"score":0.4255686402320862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C520434653","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38867","display_name":"Laser","level":2,"score":0.41918259859085083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.3770381212234497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.3675260841846466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.36435937881469727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.31674396991729736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109679912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175932","display_name":"Avalanche photodiode","level":3,"score":0.2993841767311096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.2919447124004364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.10030761361122131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jssc.2019.2938412","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2019.2938412","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/4/8880462/08844705.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83637746","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits","issn_l":"0018-9200","issn":["0018-9200","1558-173X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:infoscience.epfl.ch:272364","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://infoscience.epfl.ch/record/272364","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400487","display_name":"Infoscience (Ecole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"research article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jssc.2019.2938412","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2019.2938412","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/4/8880462/08844705.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83637746","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits","issn_l":"0018-9200","issn":["0018-9200","1558-173X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.49000000953674316,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321800","display_name":"Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","ror":"https://ror.org/04jsz6e67"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2973862492.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2973862492.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1969109603","https://openalex.org/W1984001432","https://openalex.org/W2020640905","https://openalex.org/W2041094000","https://openalex.org/W2053286848","https://openalex.org/W2054210605","https://openalex.org/W2059174070","https://openalex.org/W2106126246","https://openalex.org/W2118972979","https://openalex.org/W2135448171","https://openalex.org/W2155168576","https://openalex.org/W2155479981","https://openalex.org/W2164002677","https://openalex.org/W2320587170","https://openalex.org/W2350280062","https://openalex.org/W2558344443","https://openalex.org/W2561715836","https://openalex.org/W2600780369","https://openalex.org/W2788364752","https://openalex.org/W2799763456","https://openalex.org/W2893585393","https://openalex.org/W2896656230","https://openalex.org/W4232932846","https://openalex.org/W6646101062","https://openalex.org/W6682911615"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2594043982","https://openalex.org/W3036493597","https://openalex.org/W1966119149","https://openalex.org/W2099015120","https://openalex.org/W2466718138","https://openalex.org/W2347245756","https://openalex.org/W2351312630","https://openalex.org/W2028671992","https://openalex.org/W2020270528","https://openalex.org/W3139631222"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"article":[1],"introduces":[2],"a":[3,17,34,70,111,145,155,179],"modular,":[4],"direct":[5],"time-of-flight":[6],"(TOF)":[7],"depth":[8,160],"sensor.":[9],"Each":[10,46],"module":[11,47,140],"is":[12,175],"digitally":[13],"synthesized":[14],"and":[15,42,55,86,106,115,130,135,150],"features":[16],"2$\\times":[18],"$":[19,22,158],"(8":[20],"$\\times":[21,157],"8)":[23],"single-photon":[24],"avalanche":[25],"diode":[26],"(SPAD)":[27],"pixel":[28],"array,":[29],"an":[30,62],"edge-sensitive":[31],"decision":[32],"tree,":[33],"shared":[35],"time-to-digital":[36],"converter":[37],"(TDC),":[38],"21-bit":[39],"per-pixel":[40],"memory,":[41],"in-locus":[43],"data":[44,52],"processing.":[45],"operates":[48],"autonomously,":[49],"by":[50,61,97],"internal":[51],"acquisition,":[53],"management,":[54],"storage,":[56],"being":[57],"periodically":[58],"read":[59],"out":[60],"external":[63],"access.":[64],"The":[65,93,139],"prototype":[66],"was":[67,95,118,141,165],"fabricated":[68],"in":[69,100,124,144],"TSMC":[71],"3-D-stacked":[72],"45/65-nm":[73],"CMOS":[74],"technology,":[75],"featuring":[76],"backside":[77],"illumination":[78],"(BSI)":[79],"SPAD":[80],"detectors":[81],"on":[82,89,120,171],"the":[83,90,121,127],"top":[84],"tier,":[85],"readout":[87],"circuit":[88],"bottom":[91],"tier.":[92],"sensor":[94],"characterized":[96],"single-point":[98],"measurements,":[99],"two":[101],"different":[102],"modes":[103],"of":[104,113,181],"resolution":[105],"range.":[107],"In":[108],"low-resolution":[109],"mode,":[110,126],"maximum":[112,128,180],"300-m":[114],"80-cm":[116],"accuracy":[117,131],"recorded;":[119],"other":[122],"hand,":[123],"high-resolution":[125],"range":[129],"were":[132],"150":[133],"m":[134],"7":[136],"cm,":[137],"respectively.":[138],"also":[142,176],"used":[143],"flexible":[146],"scanning":[147],"light":[148],"detection":[149],"ranging":[151],"(LiDAR)":[152],"system,":[153],"where":[154],"256":[156,159],"map,":[161],"with":[162],"millimeter":[163],"precision,":[164],"obtained.":[166],"A":[167],"laser":[168],"signature":[169],"based":[170],"pulse-position":[172],"modulation":[173],"(PPM)":[174],"proposed,":[177],"achieving":[178],"28-dB":[182],"interference":[183],"reduction.":[184]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":9}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
