{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2912915570","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2019.2893231","title":"A 32-Unit 240-GHz Heterodyne Receiver Array in 65-nm CMOS With Array-Wide Phase Locking","display_name":"A 32-Unit 240-GHz Heterodyne Receiver Array in 65-nm CMOS With Array-Wide Phase Locking","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-02-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2912915570","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2019.2893231","mag":"2912915570"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jssc.2019.2893231","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2019.2893231","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83637746","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits","issn_l":"0018-9200","issn":["0018-9200","1558-173X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/135180","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073398641","display_name":"Zhi Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6733-529X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhi Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6733-529X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019274000","display_name":"Cheng Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4139-3587"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cheng Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100751337","display_name":"Ruonan Han","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ruonan Han","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.2688,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":54,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92469036,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"54","issue":"5","first_page":"1216","last_page":"1227"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10187","display_name":"Radio Frequency Integrated Circuit Design","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10187","display_name":"Radio Frequency Integrated Circuit Design","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10262","display_name":"Microwave Engineering and Waveguides","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.9958999752998352,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heterodyne","display_name":"Heterodyne (poetry)","score":0.5704694390296936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.4546128511428833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.44659581780433655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.43020930886268616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phase","display_name":"Phase (matter)","score":0.4239053726196289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/local-oscillator","display_name":"Local oscillator","score":0.41782718896865845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/topology","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","score":0.3501453399658203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radio-frequency","display_name":"Radio frequency","score":0.3472839295864105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.26505017280578613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.2647903561592102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.20591989159584045}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780497637","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16938394","display_name":"Heterodyne (poetry)","level":2,"score":0.5704694390296936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.4546128511428833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.44659581780433655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.43020930886268616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44280652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104837","display_name":"Phase (matter)","level":2,"score":0.4239053726196289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203597036","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1238887","display_name":"Local oscillator","level":3,"score":0.41782718896865845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184720557","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7825049","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","level":2,"score":0.3501453399658203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74064498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3396184","display_name":"Radio frequency","level":2,"score":0.3472839295864105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.26505017280578613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.2647903561592102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.20591989159584045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jssc.2019.2893231","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2019.2893231","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83637746","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits","issn_l":"0018-9200","issn":["0018-9200","1558-173X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dspace.mit.edu:1721.1/135180","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/135180","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400425","display_name":"DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","host_organization_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"MIT web domain","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dspace.mit.edu:1721.1/135180.2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/135180.2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400425","display_name":"DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","host_organization_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"MIT web domain","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:dspace.mit.edu:1721.1/135180","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/135180","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400425","display_name":"DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","host_organization_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"MIT web domain","raw_type":"Article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.4699999988079071,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2905572952","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CAREER ECCS-1653100","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6671297155","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CAREER","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7754350026","display_name":"CAREER: On-Chip Terahertz Electronic Frequency Combs","funder_award_id":"1653100","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8801946805","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ECCS-1653100","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320316520","display_name":"Keysight Technologies","ror":"https://ror.org/02903cd17"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322589","display_name":"Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company","ror":"https://ror.org/02wx79d08"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337392","display_name":"Division of Electrical, Communications and Cyber Systems","ror":"https://ror.org/01krpsy48"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1797848497","https://openalex.org/W1973713791","https://openalex.org/W1975276044","https://openalex.org/W1979709209","https://openalex.org/W1980529730","https://openalex.org/W1985001187","https://openalex.org/W1985964745","https://openalex.org/W1990530248","https://openalex.org/W1998506403","https://openalex.org/W2016167819","https://openalex.org/W2018629653","https://openalex.org/W2029938543","https://openalex.org/W2052654223","https://openalex.org/W2058989756","https://openalex.org/W2066115738","https://openalex.org/W2082922948","https://openalex.org/W2107588275","https://openalex.org/W2139976571","https://openalex.org/W2156253373","https://openalex.org/W2161528540","https://openalex.org/W2164620517","https://openalex.org/W2170193665","https://openalex.org/W2177041154","https://openalex.org/W2296231429","https://openalex.org/W2311417522","https://openalex.org/W2518690461","https://openalex.org/W2580821439","https://openalex.org/W2782812126","https://openalex.org/W2806078149","https://openalex.org/W2887953427","https://openalex.org/W4230621638"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2046507437","https://openalex.org/W2049802101","https://openalex.org/W3129108674","https://openalex.org/W2096115747","https://openalex.org/W2322447313","https://openalex.org/W53038440","https://openalex.org/W3125881294","https://openalex.org/W1973716998","https://openalex.org/W2160267557","https://openalex.org/W2327838173"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"reports":[2],"a":[3,20,74,131,181,195,203,222,239],"32-unit":[4],"phase-locked":[5],"dense":[6],"heterodyne":[7,44],"receiver":[8,45,99,146],"array":[9,138],"at":[10],"f":[11],"<sub":[12,51,57],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[13,52,58,78],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">RF</sub>":[14,53,59],"=":[15,235],"240":[16],"GHz.":[17],"To":[18],"synthesize":[19],"large":[21,25],"receiving":[22],"aperture":[23],"without":[24],"sidelobe":[26],"response,":[27],"this":[28,256],"chip":[29,192,257],"has":[30],"the":[31,39,43,64,95,98,121,125,149,152,173,212],"following":[32],"two":[33,67,86],"features.":[34],"The":[35,117,231],"first":[36],"feature":[37,119],"is":[38,48,92,120,128,140,177,200,215,242],"small":[40],"size":[41,139],"of":[42,66,85,97,124,151,206,211,226,238,251],"unit,":[46],"which":[47,101,127],"only":[49],"\u03bb(f":[50,56],")/4":[54],"\u00d7":[55,70],")/2.":[60],"It":[61],"allows":[62],"for":[63,82],"integration":[65],"interleaved":[68],"4":[69,71],"arrays":[72,250],"within":[73],"1.2":[75],"mm":[76],"<sup":[77],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">2</sup>":[79],"die":[80],"area":[81],"concurrent":[83],"steering":[84],"independent":[87],"beams.":[88],"Such":[89],"unit":[90,241],"compactness":[91],"enabled":[93],"by":[94,143],"multi-functionality":[96],"structure,":[100],"simultaneously":[102],"accomplishes":[103],"local":[104],"oscillator":[105],"(LO)":[106],"generation,":[107],"inter-unit":[108],"LO":[109,135,169,175,214],"synchronization,":[110],"input":[111],"wave":[112],"coupling,":[113],"and":[114,167,254],"frequency":[115],"downconversion.":[116],"second":[118],"high":[122],"scalability":[123],"array,":[126,153],"based":[129],"on":[130],"strongly":[132],"coupled":[133],"2-D":[134],"network.":[136],"Large":[137],"realizable":[141],"simply":[142],"tiling":[144],"more":[145],"units.":[147],"With":[148],"upscaling":[150],"our":[154],"de-centralized":[155],"design,":[156],"contrary":[157],"to":[158,180,246],"its":[159],"prior":[160],"centralized":[161],"counterparts,":[162],"offers":[163],"invariant":[164],"conversion":[165],"loss":[166],"lower":[168],"phase":[170,224],"noise.":[171],"Meanwhile,":[172],"entire":[174],"network":[176],"also":[178],"locked":[179],"75-MHz":[182],"reference,":[183],"facilitating":[184],"phase-coherent":[185],"pairing":[186],"with":[187,202,221,261],"external":[188],"sub-terahertz":[189],"transmitters.":[190],"A":[191],"prototype":[193],"using":[194],"bulk":[196],"65-nm":[197],"CMOS":[198],"technology":[199],"implemented,":[201],"dc":[204],"power":[205],"980":[207],"mW.":[208],"Phase":[209],"locking":[210],"240-GHz":[213],"achieved":[216],"among":[217],"all":[218],"32":[219],"units,":[220],"measured":[223,232],"noise":[225],"-84":[227],"dBc/Hz":[228],"(1-MHz":[229],"offset).":[230],"sensitivity":[233,263],"(BW":[234],"1":[236],"kHz)":[237],"single":[240],"58":[243],"fW.":[244],"Compared":[245],"previous":[247],"square-law":[248],"detector":[249],"comparable":[252],"scale":[253],"density,":[255],"provides":[258],"phase-sensitive":[259],"detection":[260],"~4300\u00d7":[262],"improvement.":[264]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-07-02T09:51:11.867554","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}