{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2905973366","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2018.2885528","title":"A Time-Resolved NIR Lock-In Pixel CMOS Image Sensor With Background Cancelling Capability for Remote Heart Rate Detection","display_name":"A Time-Resolved NIR Lock-In Pixel CMOS Image Sensor With Background Cancelling Capability for Remote Heart Rate Detection","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-12-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2905973366","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2018.2885528","mag":"2905973366"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jssc.2018.2885528","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2018.2885528","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83637746","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits","issn_l":"0018-9200","issn":["0018-9200","1558-173X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101438364","display_name":"Chen Cao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2061-5593"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1298590031","display_name":"Shizuoka University","ror":"https://ror.org/01w6wtk13","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1298590031"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Chen Cao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Institute of Electronics, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Institute of Electronics, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1298590031"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053120497","display_name":"Yuya Shirakawa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4587-0005"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1298590031","display_name":"Shizuoka University","ror":"https://ror.org/01w6wtk13","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1298590031"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuya Shirakawa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Institute of Electronics, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Institute of Electronics, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1298590031"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082265794","display_name":"Leyi Tan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1298590031","display_name":"Shizuoka University","ror":"https://ror.org/01w6wtk13","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1298590031"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Leyi Tan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Institute of Electronics, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Institute of Electronics, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1298590031"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007930789","display_name":"Min-Woong Seo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5819-1378"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1298590031","display_name":"Shizuoka University","ror":"https://ror.org/01w6wtk13","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1298590031"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Min-Woong Seo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Institute of Electronics, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Institute of Electronics, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1298590031"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102722014","display_name":"Keiichiro Kagawa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4214-2029"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1298590031","display_name":"Shizuoka University","ror":"https://ror.org/01w6wtk13","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1298590031"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Keiichiro Kagawa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Institute of Electronics, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Institute of Electronics, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1298590031"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032893390","display_name":"Keita Yasutomi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0818-8506"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1298590031","display_name":"Shizuoka University","ror":"https://ror.org/01w6wtk13","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1298590031"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Keita Yasutomi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Institute of Electronics, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Institute of Electronics, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1298590031"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056554453","display_name":"Sung-Wook Jun","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sung-Wook Jun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Brookman Technology, Inc., Hwaseong, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Brookman Technology, Inc., Hwaseong, Japan","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090919767","display_name":"Tomohiko Kosugi","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tomohiko Kosugi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Brookman Technology, Inc., Hwaseong, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Brookman Technology, Inc., Hwaseong, Japan","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110719675","display_name":"Satoshi Aoyama","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Satoshi Aoyama","raw_affiliation_strings":["Brookman Technology, Inc., Hwaseong, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Brookman Technology, Inc., Hwaseong, Japan","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049537828","display_name":"Nobukazu Teranishi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1298590031","display_name":"Shizuoka University","ror":"https://ror.org/01w6wtk13","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1298590031"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nobukazu Teranishi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Institute of Electronics, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Institute of Electronics, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1298590031"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109934226","display_name":"Norimichi Tsumura","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I159385669","display_name":"Chiba University","ror":"https://ror.org/01hjzeq58","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I159385669"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Norimichi Tsumura","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chiba University, Chiba, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chiba University, Chiba, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159385669"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065338590","display_name":"Shoji Kawahito","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4456-5006"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1298590031","display_name":"Shizuoka University","ror":"https://ror.org/01w6wtk13","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1298590031"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shoji Kawahito","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Institute of Electronics, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Institute of Electronics, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1298590031"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":12,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101438364"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1298590031"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.7748,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.71066032,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"54","issue":"4","first_page":"978","last_page":"991"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11196","display_name":"Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11196","display_name":"Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11992","display_name":"CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lock","display_name":"Lock (firearm)","score":0.6805812120437622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.6357612609863281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-sensor","display_name":"Image sensor","score":0.6315982937812805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cmos","display_name":"CMOS","score":0.48392921686172485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.3975868225097656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3831457793712616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.31025686860084534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optoelectronics","display_name":"Optoelectronics","score":0.3080977499485016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1516474187374115}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174839445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1134386","display_name":"Lock (firearm)","level":2,"score":0.6805812120437622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.6357612609863281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76935873","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q209121","display_name":"Image sensor","level":2,"score":0.6315982937812805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46362747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173431","display_name":"CMOS","level":2,"score":0.48392921686172485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.3975868225097656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3831457793712616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.31025686860084534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.3080977499485016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1516474187374115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jssc.2018.2885528","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2018.2885528","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83637746","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits","issn_l":"0018-9200","issn":["0018-9200","1558-173X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3180804543","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"25220905","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320912","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7766906378","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"18H05240","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320912","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310246","display_name":"University of Rochester","ror":"https://ror.org/022kthw22"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320907","display_name":"Japan Science and Technology Corporation","ror":"https://ror.org/00097mb19"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320912","display_name":"Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/048rj2z13"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322351","display_name":"Shizuoka University","ror":"https://ror.org/01w6wtk13"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1528784850","https://openalex.org/W1975545060","https://openalex.org/W1978998204","https://openalex.org/W1984554603","https://openalex.org/W1994303078","https://openalex.org/W2003922338","https://openalex.org/W2008821584","https://openalex.org/W2010270685","https://openalex.org/W2057171916","https://openalex.org/W2078467225","https://openalex.org/W2111960136","https://openalex.org/W2112400936","https://openalex.org/W2117320287","https://openalex.org/W2152923834","https://openalex.org/W2219155727","https://openalex.org/W2295904998","https://openalex.org/W2335199918","https://openalex.org/W2551094164","https://openalex.org/W2587111529","https://openalex.org/W2740546179","https://openalex.org/W2745249725","https://openalex.org/W2756837323","https://openalex.org/W2802351393","https://openalex.org/W2899395779","https://openalex.org/W4377986027"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2099015120","https://openalex.org/W3023397393","https://openalex.org/W2064050377","https://openalex.org/W2060414246","https://openalex.org/W4226461862","https://openalex.org/W2101640841","https://openalex.org/W1489550626","https://openalex.org/W2043303332","https://openalex.org/W1985001665","https://openalex.org/W2101950800"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,155],"paper":[1],"presents":[2],"a":[3,35,53],"time-resolved":[4],"(TR)":[5],"CMOS":[6],"image":[7],"sensor":[8,33],"(CIS)":[9],"using":[10],"two-tap":[11],"near-infrared":[12],"(NIR)":[13],"lock-in":[14,96,136],"pixels":[15],"with":[16,43,134],"background":[17],"light":[18],"(BGL)":[19],"cancelling":[20],"capability":[21],"for":[22,94,165],"remote":[23,109],"heart":[24],"rate":[25],"(HR)":[26],"detection.":[27],"Aimed":[28],"to":[29],"the":[30,32,116,121,130,159,162],"application,":[31],"features":[34],"1024":[36],"(V)":[37],"x":[38],"1280":[39,46],"(H)":[40,47],"spatial":[41],"resolution":[42],"412":[44],"(V)x":[45],"region-of-interest-readout":[48],"(ROI-readout)":[49],"at":[50,80],"30":[51],"fps,":[52],"high":[54],"sensitivity":[55],"of":[56,71,83,90,100,120,161],"134.8":[57],"ke":[58],"<sup":[59,77],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[60,75,78,125],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">-</sup>":[61,79],"/lux":[62],"\u00b7":[63],"s,":[64],"and":[65,138,150],"an":[66],"ultralow":[67],"temporal":[68,118],"random":[69],"noise":[70],"1.13":[72],"e":[73],"<sub":[74,124],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">rms</sub>":[76],"analog":[81],"gain":[82],"64.":[84],"A":[85],"maximum":[86],"charge":[87,105],"modulation":[88],"ratio":[89],"90.1%":[91],"is":[92,112],"obtained":[93],"realizing":[95],"operation":[97],"by":[98,114,129],"means":[99],"in-pixel":[101],"lateral":[102],"electric":[103],"field":[104],"modulator":[106],"(LEFM).":[107],"The":[108],"HR":[110],"detection":[111,142],"achieved":[113],"capturing":[115],"heart-beat-induced":[117],"variation":[119],"oxy-hemoglobin":[122],"(HbO":[123],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">2</sub>":[126],")":[127],"concentration":[128],"developed":[131],"TR":[132],"CIS":[133],"NIR":[135],"technique,":[137],"larger":[139],"than":[140],"98%":[141],"accuracies":[143],"are":[144],"attained":[145],"under":[146],"both":[147],"non-visible-light":[148],"condition":[149],"fluctuant":[151],"brightness":[152],"ambient-light":[153],"environments.":[154],"remarkable":[156],"feature":[157],"demonstrates":[158],"superiority":[160],"proposed":[163],"method":[164],"driver":[166],"monitoring":[167],"applications":[168],"in":[169],"particular.":[170]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-08T08:50:53.379069","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
