{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2889664870","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2018.2859834","title":"A 0.4-V 0.93-nW/kHz Relaxation Oscillator Exploiting Comparator Temperature-Dependent Delay to Achieve 94-ppm/\u00b0C Stability","display_name":"A 0.4-V 0.93-nW/kHz Relaxation Oscillator Exploiting Comparator Temperature-Dependent Delay to Achieve 94-ppm/\u00b0C Stability","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-09-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2889664870","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2018.2859834","mag":"2889664870"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jssc.2018.2859834","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2018.2859834","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83637746","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits","issn_l":"0018-9200","issn":["0018-9200","1558-173X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043620679","display_name":"Haowei Jiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7120-0507"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Haowei Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036436398","display_name":"Po-Han Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6359-2109"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Po-Han Peter Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044161396","display_name":"Patrick P. Mercier","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1488-5076"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Patrick P. Mercier","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040823901","display_name":"Drew A. Hall","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0674-074X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Drew A. Hall","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5043620679"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.7758,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":62,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90560871,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"53","issue":"10","first_page":"3004","last_page":"3011"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10323","display_name":"Analog and Mixed-Signal Circuit Design","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10323","display_name":"Analog and Mixed-Signal Circuit Design","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11417","display_name":"Advancements in PLL and VCO Technologies","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10472","display_name":"Semiconductor materials and devices","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/comparator","display_name":"Comparator","score":0.9308165311813354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relaxation-oscillator","display_name":"Relaxation oscillator","score":0.8798744678497314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/temperature-coefficient","display_name":"Temperature coefficient","score":0.5540475249290466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.518082857131958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/atmospheric-temperature-range","display_name":"Atmospheric temperature range","score":0.5170038938522339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ring-oscillator","display_name":"Ring oscillator","score":0.4950949251651764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bandwidth","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","score":0.4897305965423584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cmos","display_name":"CMOS","score":0.47454389929771423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process-corners","display_name":"Process corners","score":0.4701431095600128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/comparator-applications","display_name":"Comparator applications","score":0.43487492203712463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stability","display_name":"Stability (learning theory)","score":0.42904409766197205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optoelectronics","display_name":"Optoelectronics","score":0.4171956479549408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.3705425262451172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.36553168296813965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.247033953666687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.2281116545200348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage-controlled-oscillator","display_name":"Voltage-controlled oscillator","score":0.14636453986167908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.12351226806640625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.09639200568199158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.0958799421787262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thermodynamics","display_name":"Thermodynamics","score":0.09147018194198608}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155745195","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1164179","display_name":"Comparator","level":3,"score":0.9308165311813354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135854075","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1421688","display_name":"Relaxation oscillator","level":4,"score":0.8798744678497314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16643434","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q898642","display_name":"Temperature coefficient","level":2,"score":0.5540475249290466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.518082857131958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39353612","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5283759","display_name":"Atmospheric temperature range","level":2,"score":0.5170038938522339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104111718","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2153973","display_name":"Ring oscillator","level":3,"score":0.4950949251651764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776257435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1576430","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","level":2,"score":0.4897305965423584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46362747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173431","display_name":"CMOS","level":2,"score":0.47454389929771423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192615534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7247268","display_name":"Process corners","level":3,"score":0.4701431095600128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121649978","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17007408","display_name":"Comparator applications","level":4,"score":0.43487492203712463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112972136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7595718","display_name":"Stability (learning theory)","level":2,"score":0.42904409766197205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.4171956479549408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.3705425262451172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.36553168296813965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.247033953666687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.2281116545200348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5291336","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q852341","display_name":"Voltage-controlled oscillator","level":3,"score":0.14636453986167908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.12351226806640625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.09639200568199158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.0958799421787262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.09147018194198608},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jssc.2018.2859834","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2018.2859834","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83637746","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits","issn_l":"0018-9200","issn":["0018-9200","1558-173X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.8299999833106995}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8972317542","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"HR0011-15-C-0134","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332180","funder_display_name":"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332180","display_name":"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/02caytj08"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1566916904","https://openalex.org/W1977014414","https://openalex.org/W2085356527","https://openalex.org/W2099884755","https://openalex.org/W2143217913","https://openalex.org/W2147081564","https://openalex.org/W2157321309","https://openalex.org/W2178942970","https://openalex.org/W2228170253","https://openalex.org/W2313295851","https://openalex.org/W2396389654","https://openalex.org/W2396990574","https://openalex.org/W2464522166","https://openalex.org/W2467122692","https://openalex.org/W2591906347","https://openalex.org/W2594244657","https://openalex.org/W6644537468","https://openalex.org/W6681726196","https://openalex.org/W6734099086"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2369252356","https://openalex.org/W2744219894","https://openalex.org/W2383733646","https://openalex.org/W2083087340","https://openalex.org/W2518590713","https://openalex.org/W1963488531","https://openalex.org/W2985550309","https://openalex.org/W2357010796","https://openalex.org/W2947090375","https://openalex.org/W2757624695"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"presents":[2],"the":[3,13,18,22,27,42,48],"analysis":[4],"and":[5,63],"design":[6,83],"of":[7,17,26],"a":[8,36,57,75,88,96],"relaxation":[9,120],"oscillator":[10,66],"that":[11],"counteracts":[12],"complementary-toabsolute-temperature":[14],"(CTAT)":[15],"property":[16,25],"comparator":[19,43,58],"delay":[20],"with":[21,59,67,95],"proportional-to-absolute-temperature":[23],"(PTAT)":[24],"RC":[28],"core":[29],"to":[30,40],"realize":[31],"temperature-stabilized":[32],"operation.":[33],"By":[34],"using":[35],"feedback":[37],"bias":[38],"network":[39],"linearize":[41],"CTAT":[44],"delay,":[45],"thus":[46],"improving":[47],"overall":[49,65],"temperature":[50,97],"stability":[51],"by":[52],"20x,":[53],"this":[54,82],"technique":[55],"enables":[56],"~20x":[60],"less":[61],"bandwidth":[62],"an":[64],"~5x":[68],"lower":[69],"power":[70],"than":[71],"conventional":[72],"approaches.":[73],"In":[74],"0.18-\u03bcm":[76],"silicon":[77],"on":[78],"insulator":[79],"CMOS":[80],"process,":[81],"consumes":[84],"1.14":[85],"nW":[86],"from":[87],"0.4-V":[89],"supply":[90],"operating":[91],"at":[92],"1.22":[93],"kHz,":[94],"coefficient":[98],"(TC)":[99],"as":[100,102],"low":[101],"40":[103],"ppm/\u00b0C":[104,108],"(\u03bc":[105],"=":[106,111],"94":[107],"for":[109,118],"n":[110],"5)":[112],"achieving":[113],"stateof-the-art":[114],"efficiency":[115],"(0.93":[116],"nW/kHz)":[117],"kilohertz-range":[119],"oscillators.":[121]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}