{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2761878354","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2017.2749423","title":"iRazor: Current-Based Error Detection and Correction Scheme for PVT Variation in 40-nm ARM Cortex-R4 Processor","display_name":"iRazor: Current-Based Error Detection and Correction Scheme for PVT Variation in 40-nm ARM Cortex-R4 Processor","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-10-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2761878354","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2017.2749423","mag":"2761878354"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jssc.2017.2749423","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2017.2749423","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83637746","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits","issn_l":"0018-9200","issn":["0018-9200","1558-173X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100329228","display_name":"Yiqun Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5584-6503"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan\u2013Ann Arbor","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yiqun Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058199211","display_name":"Mahmood Khayatzadeh","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan\u2013Ann Arbor","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mahmood Khayatzadeh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076619099","display_name":"Kaiyuan Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7220-9389"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan\u2013Ann Arbor","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kaiyuan Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007702824","display_name":"Mehdi Saligane","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0237-4690"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan\u2013Ann Arbor","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mehdi Saligane","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050270997","display_name":"Nathaniel Pinckney","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6159-8964"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan\u2013Ann Arbor","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nathaniel Pinckney","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052037141","display_name":"Massimo Alioto","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4127-8258"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165932596","display_name":"National University of Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01tgyzw49","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Massimo Alioto","raw_affiliation_strings":["National University of Singapore, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National University of Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026311377","display_name":"David Blaauw","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6744-7075"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan\u2013Ann Arbor","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Blaauw","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000767141","display_name":"Dennis Sylvester","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2598-0458"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan\u2013Ann Arbor","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dennis Sylvester","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100329228"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.1569,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":75,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94643079,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"53","issue":"2","first_page":"619","last_page":"631"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10363","display_name":"Low-power high-performance VLSI design","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10363","display_name":"Low-power high-performance VLSI design","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11005","display_name":"Radiation Effects in Electronics","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11032","display_name":"VLSI and Analog Circuit Testing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microprocessor","display_name":"Microprocessor","score":0.7092058062553406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5855437517166138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overhead","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","score":0.5776410102844238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process-variation","display_name":"Process variation","score":0.5491722226142883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arm-architecture","display_name":"ARM architecture","score":0.5256534814834595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flip-flop","display_name":"Flip-flop","score":0.5101452469825745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/margin","display_name":"Margin (machine learning)","score":0.4991776943206787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transistor","display_name":"Transistor","score":0.4866946041584015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.48024943470954895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detector","display_name":"Detector","score":0.47503215074539185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process-corners","display_name":"Process corners","score":0.45860347151756287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/error-detection-and-correction","display_name":"Error detection and correction","score":0.4487327039241791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.35927897691726685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.34143301844596863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.29396355152130127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2301172912120819},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.22584006190299988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.1856364607810974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.1349688470363617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enhanced-data-rates-for-gsm-evolution","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","score":0.10269248485565186}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780728072","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5297","display_name":"Microprocessor","level":2,"score":0.7092058062553406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5855437517166138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.5776410102844238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93389723","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7247313","display_name":"Process variation","level":3,"score":0.5491722226142883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26771161","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16980","display_name":"ARM architecture","level":2,"score":0.5256534814834595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781007278","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183406","display_name":"Flip-flop","level":3,"score":0.5101452469825745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C774472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6760393","display_name":"Margin (machine learning)","level":2,"score":0.4991776943206787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172385210","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5339","display_name":"Transistor","level":3,"score":0.4866946041584015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.48024943470954895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.47503215074539185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192615534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7247268","display_name":"Process corners","level":3,"score":0.45860347151756287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103088060","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062839","display_name":"Error detection and correction","level":2,"score":0.4487327039241791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.35927897691726685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.34143301844596863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.29396355152130127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2301172912120819},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.22584006190299988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.1856364607810974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.1349688470363617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.10269248485565186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jssc.2017.2749423","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2017.2749423","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83637746","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits","issn_l":"0018-9200","issn":["0018-9200","1558-173X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:usiena-air.unisi.it:11365/1134476","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11365/1134476","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196319","display_name":"Use Siena air (University of Siena)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I102064193","host_organization_name":"University of Siena","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102064193"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.8999999761581421}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G786622809","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MOE2014-T2-1-161","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320751","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Education - Singapore"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310133","display_name":"Rice University","ror":"https://ror.org/008zs3103"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320751","display_name":"Ministry of Education - Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01kcva023"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334350","display_name":"High Performance Research Computing, Texas A and M University","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1541483005","https://openalex.org/W1911029421","https://openalex.org/W2009198262","https://openalex.org/W2015917466","https://openalex.org/W2025340565","https://openalex.org/W2039559700","https://openalex.org/W2041727850","https://openalex.org/W2079706534","https://openalex.org/W2086447087","https://openalex.org/W2094839871","https://openalex.org/W2102587899","https://openalex.org/W2104677471","https://openalex.org/W2106648230","https://openalex.org/W2121878622","https://openalex.org/W2140480749","https://openalex.org/W2147458209","https://openalex.org/W2156667996","https://openalex.org/W2178304595","https://openalex.org/W2289333215","https://openalex.org/W2580425382","https://openalex.org/W2743095234","https://openalex.org/W4236432903","https://openalex.org/W6640006728","https://openalex.org/W6652784093","https://openalex.org/W6660155203","https://openalex.org/W6670518604","https://openalex.org/W6674060671"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2525077515","https://openalex.org/W2118152793","https://openalex.org/W2141625582","https://openalex.org/W4388000032","https://openalex.org/W2564437568","https://openalex.org/W2107916809","https://openalex.org/W2077083903","https://openalex.org/W2080140894","https://openalex.org/W4318262310","https://openalex.org/W629662700"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1,137],"presents":[2],"iRazor,":[3],"a":[4,38,66,172],"lightweight":[5],"error":[6],"detection":[7],"and":[8,31,145,154,166],"correction":[9],"approach,":[10],"to":[11,21,27,104,171,178],"suppress":[12],"the":[13,95,98,110,115,118,127,130,135,140,146,176,183],"cycle":[14,142],"time":[15,143],"margin":[16,121,144],"that":[17,108,138,160],"is":[18,35,43,73,102,134],"traditionally":[19],"added":[20],"very":[22],"large":[23],"scale":[24],"integration":[25],"systems":[26],"tolerate":[28],"process,":[29],"voltage,":[30],"temperature":[32],"variations.":[33],"iRazor":[34,53,86,101,161],"based":[36],"on":[37,47],"novel":[39],"current-based":[40],"detector,":[41],"which":[42],"embedded":[44],"in":[45,75,80,122],"flip-flops":[46],"potentially":[48],"critical":[49],"paths.":[50],"The":[51,70],"proposed":[52,71,99],"flip-flop":[54,87],"requires":[55],"only":[56,61],"three":[57],"additional":[58],"transistors,":[59],"yielding":[60],"4.3%":[62],"area":[63,187],"penalty":[64],"over":[65],"standard":[67],"D":[68],"flip-flop.":[69],"scheme":[72],"implemented":[74],"an":[76,84,92],"ARM":[77],"Cortex-R4":[78],"microprocessor":[79],"40":[81,123],"nm":[82],"through":[83,114],"automated":[85],"insertion":[88],"flow.":[89],"To":[90,126],"gain":[91,165],"insight":[93],"into":[94],"effectiveness":[96],"of":[97,112,117,129,185],"scheme,":[100],"compared":[103,170],"other":[105],"popular":[106],"techniques":[107],"mitigate":[109],"impact":[111],"variations,":[113],"analysis":[116],"worst":[119],"case":[120],"silicon":[124],"dies.":[125],"best":[128],"authors'":[131],"knowledge,":[132],"this":[133],"first":[136],"compares":[139],"measured":[141],"power":[147],"efficiency":[148],"improvements":[149],"offered":[150],"by":[151],"frequency":[152],"binning":[153],"various":[155],"canary":[156],"approaches.":[157],"Results":[158],"show":[159],"achieves":[162],"26%-34%":[163],"performance":[164],"33%-41%":[167],"energy":[168],"reduction":[169],"baseline":[173],"design":[174],"across":[175],"0.6-":[177],"1-V":[179],"voltage":[180],"range,":[181],"at":[182],"cost":[184],"13.6%":[186],"overhead.":[188]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":8}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
