{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2762562645","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2017.2748620","title":"A 40-Gb/s PAM-4 Transmitter Based on a Ring-Resonator Optical DAC in 45-nm SOI CMOS","display_name":"A 40-Gb/s PAM-4 Transmitter Based on a Ring-Resonator Optical DAC in 45-nm SOI CMOS","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-10-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2762562645","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2017.2748620","mag":"2762562645"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jssc.2017.2748620","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2017.2748620","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83637746","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits","issn_l":"0018-9200","issn":["0018-9200","1558-173X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068618458","display_name":"Sajjad Moazeni","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1819-0714"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sajjad Moazeni","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103186163","display_name":"Sen Lin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8150-1477"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sen Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089073728","display_name":"Mark T. Wade","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5834-2439"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210138881","display_name":"Ayar Labs (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/03rgkeg55","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210138881"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mark Wade","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ayar Labs, San Francisco, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ayar Labs, San Francisco, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210138881"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019188140","display_name":"L. Alloatti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1245-4179"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35440088","display_name":"ETH Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/05a28rw58","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luca Alloatti","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063924011","display_name":"Rajeev J. Ram","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0420-2235"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rajeev J. Ram","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034587717","display_name":"Milo\u0161 A. Popovi\u0107","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8048-0678"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111088046","display_name":"Boston University","ror":"https://ror.org/05qwgg493","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111088046"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Milos Popovic","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111088046"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025438151","display_name":"Vladimir Stojanovi\u0107","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7233-6863"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vladimir Stojanovic","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5068618458"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.1123,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":99,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95961857,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"52","issue":"12","first_page":"3503","last_page":"3516"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10299","display_name":"Photonic and Optical Devices","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10299","display_name":"Photonic and Optical Devices","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10232","display_name":"Optical Network Technologies","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10767","display_name":"Advanced Photonic Communication Systems","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmitter","display_name":"Transmitter","score":0.6629622578620911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resonator","display_name":"Resonator","score":0.5754600763320923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/silicon-on-insulator","display_name":"Silicon on insulator","score":0.5439559817314148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bandwidth","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","score":0.5107519626617432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optoelectronics","display_name":"Optoelectronics","score":0.4697100520133972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chip","display_name":"Chip","score":0.4672759771347046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cmos","display_name":"CMOS","score":0.4663761258125305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/silicon-photonics","display_name":"Silicon photonics","score":0.46416762471199036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.4424925148487091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.4335331320762634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-transmission","display_name":"Data transmission","score":0.41390809416770935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.4097103774547577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photonics","display_name":"Photonics","score":0.38489046692848206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.34198951721191406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.2878493368625641},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.22014755010604858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/silicon","display_name":"Silicon","score":0.18627959489822388}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47798520","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190157","display_name":"Transmitter","level":3,"score":0.6629622578620911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97126364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q349669","display_name":"Resonator","level":2,"score":0.5754600763320923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53143962","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1478788","display_name":"Silicon on insulator","level":3,"score":0.5439559817314148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776257435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1576430","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5107519626617432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.4697100520133972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165005293","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1074500","display_name":"Chip","level":2,"score":0.4672759771347046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46362747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173431","display_name":"CMOS","level":2,"score":0.4663761258125305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119423029","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3749103","display_name":"Silicon photonics","level":3,"score":0.46416762471199036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.4424925148487091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.4335331320762634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C557945733","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q389772","display_name":"Data transmission","level":2,"score":0.41390809416770935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.4097103774547577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20788544","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q467054","display_name":"Photonics","level":2,"score":0.38489046692848206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.34198951721191406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.2878493368625641},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.22014755010604858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C544956773","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q670","display_name":"Silicon","level":2,"score":0.18627959489822388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jssc.2017.2748620","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2017.2748620","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83637746","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits","issn_l":"0018-9200","issn":["0018-9200","1558-173X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8999999761581421,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306078","display_name":"U.S. Department of Defense","ror":"https://ror.org/0447fe631"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":49,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1530152436","https://openalex.org/W1629158952","https://openalex.org/W1967838700","https://openalex.org/W1973376191","https://openalex.org/W1995948695","https://openalex.org/W1996212848","https://openalex.org/W2007828573","https://openalex.org/W2016321449","https://openalex.org/W2042541106","https://openalex.org/W2046482750","https://openalex.org/W2054635684","https://openalex.org/W2055952492","https://openalex.org/W2057300287","https://openalex.org/W2057370706","https://openalex.org/W2060527428","https://openalex.org/W2078540538","https://openalex.org/W2096225255","https://openalex.org/W2096934953","https://openalex.org/W2101193087","https://openalex.org/W2106332038","https://openalex.org/W2108973185","https://openalex.org/W2127282927","https://openalex.org/W2127795402","https://openalex.org/W2129432638","https://openalex.org/W2137671277","https://openalex.org/W2167242718","https://openalex.org/W2172579984","https://openalex.org/W2177056031","https://openalex.org/W2187316093","https://openalex.org/W2220870060","https://openalex.org/W2224810750","https://openalex.org/W2288395042","https://openalex.org/W2293453715","https://openalex.org/W2308619640","https://openalex.org/W2325406354","https://openalex.org/W2330189223","https://openalex.org/W2333411473","https://openalex.org/W2411671310","https://openalex.org/W2515067156","https://openalex.org/W2571406582","https://openalex.org/W2768084090","https://openalex.org/W3124143224","https://openalex.org/W3150685302","https://openalex.org/W4233274709","https://openalex.org/W6636436016","https://openalex.org/W6664171421","https://openalex.org/W6686769350","https://openalex.org/W6696777144","https://openalex.org/W6733515087"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2104300577","https://openalex.org/W2355663289","https://openalex.org/W2771786520","https://openalex.org/W2810180604","https://openalex.org/W2944964251","https://openalex.org/W2012754971","https://openalex.org/W2106913410","https://openalex.org/W2329565837","https://openalex.org/W1551190360","https://openalex.org/W2165627069"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,170],"next":[1],"generations":[2],"of":[3,85,105,163,185,200],"large-scale":[4,212],"data-centers":[5],"and":[6,15,35,113,149,152,182,206,208,214],"supercomputers":[7],"demand":[8,29],"optical":[9,43,75,95,109,131],"interconnects":[10],"to":[11,13,26,31,55,178],"migrate":[12],"400G":[14],"beyond.":[16],"Microring":[17],"modulators":[18],"in":[19,102,133,211],"silicon-photonics":[20],"VLSI":[21],"chips":[22],"are":[23],"promising":[24],"devices":[25],"meet":[27],"this":[28,70,117],"due":[30],"their":[32,57],"energy":[33,156],"efficiency":[34,157],"compatibility":[36],"with":[37,90,158,196],"dense":[38],"wavelength":[39],"division":[40],"multiplexed":[41],"chip-to-chip":[42],"I/O.":[44],"Higher":[45],"order":[46],"pulse":[47],"amplitude":[48],"modulation":[49],"(PAM)":[50],"schemes":[51],"can":[52,99],"be":[53,100],"exploited":[54],"mitigate":[56],"fundamental":[58],"energy-bandwidth":[59],"tradeoff":[60],"at":[61,87,146],"the":[62,127,180],"system":[63],"level":[64],"for":[65,193],"high":[66],"data":[67,129],"rates.":[68],"In":[69],"paper,":[71],"we":[72,119],"propose":[73],"an":[74,159],"digital-to-analog":[76],"converter":[77],"based":[78],"on":[79],"a":[80,103,121,134,173,197],"segmented":[81],"microring":[82],"resonator,":[83],"capable":[84],"operating":[86],"20":[88],"GS/s":[89],"improved":[91],"linearity":[92],"over":[93],"conventional":[94],"multi-level":[96],"generators":[97,112],"that":[98,124],"used":[101],"variety":[104],"applications":[106,195],"such":[107,203],"as":[108,204],"arbitrary":[110],"waveform":[111],"PAM":[114],"transmitters.":[115],"Using":[116],"technique,":[118],"demonstrate":[120],"PAM-4":[122,144],"transmitter":[123,155,171],"directly":[125],"converts":[126],"digital":[128],"into":[130],"levels":[132],"commercially":[135],"available":[136],"45-nm":[137],"SOI":[138],"CMOS":[139],"process.":[140],"We":[141],"achieved":[142],"40-Gb/s":[143],"transmission":[145],"42-fJ/b":[147],"modulator":[148],"driver":[150],"energies,":[151],"685-fJ/b":[153],"total":[154],"area":[160],"bandwidth":[161],"density":[162],"0.67":[164],"Tb/s/mm":[165],"<sup":[166],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[167],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">2</sup>":[168],".":[169],"incorporates":[172],"thermal":[174,181],"tuning":[175],"feedback":[176],"loop":[177],"address":[179],"process":[183],"variations":[184],"microrings'":[186],"resonance":[187],"wavelength.":[188],"This":[189],"scheme":[190],"is":[191],"suitable":[192],"system-on-chip":[194],"large":[198],"number":[199],"I/O":[201],"links,":[202],"switches":[205],"general-purpose":[207],"specialized":[209],"processors":[210],"computing":[213],"storage":[215],"systems.":[216]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}