{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2587890404","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2016.2641947","title":"An All-Passive Negative Feedback Network for Broadband and Wide Field-of-View Self-Steering Beam-Forming With Zero DC Power Consumption","display_name":"An All-Passive Negative Feedback Network for Broadband and Wide Field-of-View Self-Steering Beam-Forming With Zero DC Power Consumption","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-02-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2587890404","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2016.2641947","mag":"2587890404"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jssc.2016.2641947","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2016.2641947","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83637746","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits","issn_l":"0018-9200","issn":["0018-9200","1558-173X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082821212","display_name":"Min-Yu Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3806-7131"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130701444","display_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zkghx44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Min-Yu Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014439819","display_name":"Taiyun Chi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3286-1262"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130701444","display_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zkghx44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Taiyun Chi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100455798","display_name":"Fei Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1901-693X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130701444","display_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zkghx44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fei Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100646268","display_name":"Hua Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4952-5505"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130701444","display_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zkghx44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hua Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5082821212"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.0346,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":31,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87260414,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"52","issue":"5","first_page":"1260","last_page":"1273"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10187","display_name":"Radio Frequency Integrated Circuit Design","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10187","display_name":"Radio Frequency Integrated Circuit Design","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10262","display_name":"Microwave Engineering and Waveguides","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12791","display_name":"Full-Duplex Wireless Communications","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feedback-loop","display_name":"Feedback loop","score":0.653788149356842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beam-steering","display_name":"Beam steering","score":0.5625909566879272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radio-frequency","display_name":"Radio frequency","score":0.5211025476455688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.4645741879940033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phase-shift-module","display_name":"Phase shift module","score":0.46284955739974976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/broadband","display_name":"Broadband","score":0.4590931832790375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.43374747037887573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.4193785786628723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beam","display_name":"Beam (structure)","score":0.3873182237148285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.3771187663078308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.3687783479690552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3676885962486267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phase","display_name":"Phase (matter)","score":0.35261356830596924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.27133333683013916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.22706186771392822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.17554867267608643}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186886427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5441213","display_name":"Feedback loop","level":2,"score":0.653788149356842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143148639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4876192","display_name":"Beam steering","level":3,"score":0.5625909566879272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74064498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3396184","display_name":"Radio frequency","level":2,"score":0.5211025476455688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.4645741879940033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103864889","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4480524","display_name":"Phase shift module","level":3,"score":0.46284955739974976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C509933004","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194163","display_name":"Broadband","level":2,"score":0.4590931832790375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.43374747037887573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.4193785786628723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168834538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3705329","display_name":"Beam (structure)","level":2,"score":0.3873182237148285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.3771187663078308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.3687783479690552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3676885962486267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44280652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104837","display_name":"Phase (matter)","level":2,"score":0.35261356830596924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.27133333683013916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.22706186771392822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.17554867267608643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jssc.2016.2641947","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2016.2641947","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83637746","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits","issn_l":"0018-9200","issn":["0018-9200","1558-173X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.8700000047683716,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1981543460","https://openalex.org/W1989846539","https://openalex.org/W1995451961","https://openalex.org/W2014036816","https://openalex.org/W2043906693","https://openalex.org/W2045522226","https://openalex.org/W2052255056","https://openalex.org/W2061017037","https://openalex.org/W2089927736","https://openalex.org/W2092031629","https://openalex.org/W2103792596","https://openalex.org/W2116295576","https://openalex.org/W2135073102","https://openalex.org/W2135198560","https://openalex.org/W2137879638","https://openalex.org/W2141692431","https://openalex.org/W2145465682","https://openalex.org/W2146392341","https://openalex.org/W2149907548","https://openalex.org/W2158073597","https://openalex.org/W2165183944","https://openalex.org/W2175410141","https://openalex.org/W2334212860","https://openalex.org/W2485726861","https://openalex.org/W2516287274","https://openalex.org/W6681584666"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2368851831","https://openalex.org/W2978186478","https://openalex.org/W4232953560","https://openalex.org/W2361450273","https://openalex.org/W2969163133","https://openalex.org/W2571862601","https://openalex.org/W3132202136","https://openalex.org/W4386524503","https://openalex.org/W3022393363","https://openalex.org/W4230078636"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"presents":[2],"an":[3,164,254],"all-passive":[4,100,224,255],"negative":[5,52,144,256],"feedback":[6,28,53,145,188,257],"network":[7,29,258],"that":[8],"performs":[9],"autonomous":[10,72],"radio-frequency":[11],"(RF)":[12],"front-end":[13],"beam-forming":[14,235,266],"and":[15,40,63,71,238,262],"dynamic":[16],"beam-tracking":[17],"toward":[18],"the":[19,22,83,90,128,142,149,182,186,222,228,242,245,250],"direction":[20],"of":[21,31,46,82,93,169,234,244,253],"incident":[23],"RF":[24,34,166],"signal.":[25],"The":[26,51,79,204],"proposed":[27,143,205],"consists":[30],"a":[32,68,107,113,260],"passive":[33,58],"signal":[35],"processing":[36],"network,":[37],"voltage":[38],"rectifiers,":[39],"voltage-controlled":[41,64],"delay-line":[42],"phased":[43],"shifters,":[44],"all":[45],"which":[47],"are":[48],"passive-only":[49],"circuits.":[50],"loop":[54,84,146,189],"is":[55,85,110,125,147,153,249],"realized":[56],"by":[57],"phase":[59,65,131],"detection,":[60],"phase-to-voltage":[61],"conversion,":[62],"shifting,":[66],"achieving":[67,175],"large":[69],"loop-gain":[70],"operation":[73],"with":[74,106,163,217,267],"zero":[75,268],"DC":[76,269],"power":[77,167,270],"consumption.":[78,271],"nonlinear":[80,187],"behavior":[81],"exploited":[86],"to":[87,139,214],"substantially":[88],"expand":[89],"array":[91,123,151,178,193],"field":[92],"view":[94],"(FoV).":[95],"A":[96,119],"proof-of-concept":[97,223],"broadband":[98,261],"four-element":[99,121],"self-steering":[101,210,225,265],"beam-former":[102,206],"at":[103,156,172,197],"5":[104,173],"GHz":[105,216],"wide":[108,263],"FoV":[109,264],"implemented":[111],"in":[112,232],"standard":[114],"130":[115],"nm":[116],"CMOS":[117],"process.":[118],"high-quality":[120,209],"synthesized":[122],"factor":[124,152,179,194],"measured":[126],"for":[127,191,259],"input":[129,165],"progressive":[130],"shift":[132],"\u03c6":[133,157,198],"<sub":[134,158,199],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[135,159,200],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">in</sub>":[136,160,201],"from":[137,212],"-180\u00b0":[138],"180\u00b0.":[140],"When":[141],"enabled,":[148],"normalized":[150],"-2.87/-2.8":[154],"dB":[155,177],"=":[161,202],"+90\u00b0/-90\u00b0":[162],"Pin":[168],"-17":[170],"dBm/element":[171],"GHz,":[174],">25":[176],"improvement":[180,195],"over":[181],"open-loop":[183],"operation.":[184],"Moreover,":[185],"allows":[190],"significant":[192],"even":[196],"+180\u00b0/-180\u00b0.":[203],"also":[207],"achieves":[208],"beamforming":[211],"4":[213],"5.68":[215],"34.7%":[218],"fractional":[219,239],"bandwidth.":[220,240],"Therefore,":[221],"beamformer":[226],"outperforms":[227],"state-of-the-art":[229],"active":[230],"designs":[231],"terms":[233],"quality,":[236],"FoV,":[237],"To":[241],"best":[243],"authors'":[246],"knowledge,":[247],"this":[248],"first":[251],"demonstration":[252]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-05T09:29:38.588285","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
