{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2296472418","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2015.2512382","title":"A 1.5 nW, 32.768 kHz XTAL Oscillator Operational From a 0.3 V Supply","display_name":"A 1.5 nW, 32.768 kHz XTAL Oscillator Operational From a 0.3 V Supply","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-02-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2296472418","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2015.2512382","mag":"2296472418"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jssc.2015.2512382","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2015.2512382","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83637746","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits","issn_l":"0018-9200","issn":["0018-9200","1558-173X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020694155","display_name":"Aatmesh Shrivastava","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5738-9868"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210149426","display_name":"PsiKick (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05qxbj292","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210149426"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Aatmesh Shrivastava","raw_affiliation_strings":["PsiKick Inc., Charlottesville, VA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"PsiKick Inc., Charlottesville, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210149426"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031010444","display_name":"Divya Akella Kamakshi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51556381","display_name":"University of Virginia","ror":"https://ror.org/0153tk833","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Divya Akella Kamakshi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Charles L. Brown Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Charles L. Brown Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080557997","display_name":"Benton H. Calhoun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3770-5050"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51556381","display_name":"University of Virginia","ror":"https://ror.org/0153tk833","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Benton H. Calhoun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Charles L. Brown Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Charles L. Brown Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5020694155"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210149426"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.3029,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":52,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94482675,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"51","issue":"3","first_page":"686","last_page":"696"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10187","display_name":"Radio Frequency Integrated Circuit Design","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10187","display_name":"Radio Frequency Integrated Circuit Design","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10323","display_name":"Analog and Mixed-Signal Circuit Design","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11417","display_name":"Advancements in PLL and VCO Technologies","score":0.9934999942779541,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/amplifier","display_name":"Amplifier","score":0.6523406505584717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cmos","display_name":"CMOS","score":0.6222934722900391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crystal-oscillator","display_name":"Crystal oscillator","score":0.5977917909622192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.5966493487358093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power-consumption","display_name":"Power consumption","score":0.5926507115364075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oscillation","display_name":"Oscillation (cell signaling)","score":0.5846359729766846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.5160874724388123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resonator","display_name":"Resonator","score":0.4699447453022003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.377494752407074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.3724960684776306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optoelectronics","display_name":"Optoelectronics","score":0.3493313193321228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.34080415964126587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.33201298117637634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.27362823486328125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chemistry","display_name":"Chemistry","score":0.11111792922019958}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194257627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q211554","display_name":"Amplifier","level":3,"score":0.6523406505584717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46362747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173431","display_name":"CMOS","level":2,"score":0.6222934722900391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172137495","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q877055","display_name":"Crystal oscillator","level":3,"score":0.5977917909622192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.5966493487358093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984118289","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29954","display_name":"Power consumption","level":3,"score":0.5926507115364075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778439541","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7106412","display_name":"Oscillation (cell signaling)","level":2,"score":0.5846359729766846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.5160874724388123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97126364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q349669","display_name":"Resonator","level":2,"score":0.4699447453022003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.377494752407074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.3724960684776306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.3493313193321228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.34080415964126587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.33201298117637634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.27362823486328125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.11111792922019958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jssc.2015.2512382","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2015.2512382","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83637746","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits","issn_l":"0018-9200","issn":["0018-9200","1558-173X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.9100000262260437}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4177108190","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1423113","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4228442745","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1422854","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1497234438","https://openalex.org/W1578652232","https://openalex.org/W1597780237","https://openalex.org/W2014036816","https://openalex.org/W2038908392","https://openalex.org/W2068076936","https://openalex.org/W2070166512","https://openalex.org/W2107631278","https://openalex.org/W2116288681","https://openalex.org/W2141318970","https://openalex.org/W2147610945","https://openalex.org/W2156324999","https://openalex.org/W3134648908","https://openalex.org/W6629724011","https://openalex.org/W6653762003","https://openalex.org/W6660235967","https://openalex.org/W6681522527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2059751975","https://openalex.org/W2580504822","https://openalex.org/W3099810362","https://openalex.org/W2765328031","https://openalex.org/W2330370671","https://openalex.org/W4294945973","https://openalex.org/W1554328953","https://openalex.org/W4384834233","https://openalex.org/W2159663179","https://openalex.org/W2378478264"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"presents":[2],"an":[3,71],"ultra-low":[4],"power":[5,36,56],"crystal":[6],"(XTAL)":[7],"oscillator":[8],"circuit":[9,63],"for":[10,17],"generating":[11],"a":[12,35,81],"32.768":[13],"kHz":[14],"clock":[15,19],"source":[16],"real-time":[18],"generation.":[20],"An":[21],"inverting":[22],"amplifier":[23,48],"operational":[24],"from":[25],"0.3":[26],"V":[27],"VDD":[28],"oscillates":[29],"the":[30,46,51,55],"XTAL":[31,47],"resonator":[32],"and":[33,53,79],"achieves":[34,80],"consumption":[37,57],"of":[38,73,84],"2.1":[39],"nW.":[40,60],"A":[41],"duty-cycling":[42],"technique":[43],"powers":[44],"down":[45],"without":[49],"losing":[50],"oscillation":[52],"reduces":[54],"to":[58],"1.5":[59],"The":[61],"proposed":[62],"is":[64],"implemented":[65],"in":[66],"130":[67],"nm":[68],"CMOS":[69],"with":[70],"area":[72],"0.0625":[74],"mm":[75],"<sup":[76],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[77],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">2</sup>":[78],"temperature":[82],"stability":[83],"1.85":[85],"ppm/\u00b0C.":[86]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-04-02T15:55:50.835912","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
