{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1994184480","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2014.2385753","title":"A 3.7 mW Low-Noise Wide-Bandwidth 4.5 GHz Digital Fractional-N PLL Using Time Amplifier-Based TDC","display_name":"A 3.7 mW Low-Noise Wide-Bandwidth 4.5 GHz Digital Fractional-N PLL Using Time Amplifier-Based TDC","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-01-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1994184480","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2014.2385753","mag":"1994184480"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jssc.2014.2385753","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2014.2385753","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83637746","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits","issn_l":"0018-9200","issn":["0018-9200","1558-173X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045287571","display_name":"Ahmed Elkholy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3252-8585"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183874917","display_name":"Urbana University","ror":"https://ror.org/04kp3hw27","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183874917"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahmed Elkholy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 422 Coordinated Science Laboratory, Urbana, IL, USA","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana\u2013Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 422 Coordinated Science Laboratory, Urbana, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183874917"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana\u2013Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052751344","display_name":"Tejasvi Anand","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1737-7950"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183874917","display_name":"Urbana University","ror":"https://ror.org/04kp3hw27","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183874917"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tejasvi Anand","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 422 Coordinated Science Laboratory, Urbana, IL, USA","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana\u2013Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 422 Coordinated Science Laboratory, Urbana, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183874917"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana\u2013Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061470672","display_name":"Woo\u2010Seok Choi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3556-8689"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183874917","display_name":"Urbana University","ror":"https://ror.org/04kp3hw27","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183874917"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Woo-Seok Choi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 422 Coordinated Science Laboratory, Urbana, IL, USA","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana\u2013Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 422 Coordinated Science Laboratory, Urbana, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183874917"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana\u2013Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087380109","display_name":"Amr Elshazly","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0628-9138"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1343180700","display_name":"Intel (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01ek73717","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1343180700"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amr Elshazly","raw_affiliation_strings":["Intel Corporation, Hillsboro, OR, USA","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intel Corporation, Hillsboro, OR, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1343180700"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086888499","display_name":"Pavan Kumar Hanumolu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3456-2082"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183874917","display_name":"Urbana University","ror":"https://ror.org/04kp3hw27","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183874917"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pavan Kumar Hanumolu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 422 Coordinated Science Laboratory, Urbana, IL, USA","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana\u2013Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 422 Coordinated Science Laboratory, Urbana, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183874917"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana\u2013Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":9.2384,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":130,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98224568,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"50","issue":"4","first_page":"867","last_page":"881"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11417","display_name":"Advancements in PLL and VCO Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11417","display_name":"Advancements in PLL and VCO Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10187","display_name":"Radio Frequency Integrated Circuit Design","score":0.9925000071525574,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10299","display_name":"Photonic and Optical Devices","score":0.9925000071525574,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phase-locked-loop","display_name":"Phase-locked loop","score":0.8151940107345581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dbc","display_name":"dBc","score":0.5924354195594788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/jitter","display_name":"Jitter","score":0.5684548616409302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bandwidth","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","score":0.5680463314056396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phase-noise","display_name":"Phase noise","score":0.5567189455032349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.5484458208084106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/amplifier","display_name":"Amplifier","score":0.529392659664154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pll-multibit","display_name":"PLL multibit","score":0.4925130307674408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cmos","display_name":"CMOS","score":0.4593222141265869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.43852758407592773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.3301619291305542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.32090920209884644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.30240878462791443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.16304627060890198}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12707504","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52637","display_name":"Phase-locked loop","level":3,"score":0.8151940107345581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193523891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1771950","display_name":"dBc","level":3,"score":0.5924354195594788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134652429","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1052698","display_name":"Jitter","level":2,"score":0.5684548616409302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776257435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1576430","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5680463314056396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89631360","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1428766","display_name":"Phase noise","level":2,"score":0.5567189455032349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.5484458208084106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194257627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q211554","display_name":"Amplifier","level":3,"score":0.529392659664154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77881186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7119642","display_name":"PLL multibit","level":4,"score":0.4925130307674408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46362747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173431","display_name":"CMOS","level":2,"score":0.4593222141265869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.43852758407592773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.3301619291305542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.32090920209884644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.30240878462791443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.16304627060890198}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jssc.2014.2385753","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2014.2385753","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83637746","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits","issn_l":"0018-9200","issn":["0018-9200","1558-173X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.699999988079071,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W292716351","https://openalex.org/W1492221128","https://openalex.org/W1500373038","https://openalex.org/W1535027829","https://openalex.org/W1974534024","https://openalex.org/W1989031968","https://openalex.org/W1993597884","https://openalex.org/W1997287970","https://openalex.org/W2018588972","https://openalex.org/W2023401960","https://openalex.org/W2027147213","https://openalex.org/W2033675564","https://openalex.org/W2036880312","https://openalex.org/W2056492926","https://openalex.org/W2057845030","https://openalex.org/W2066100939","https://openalex.org/W2072192908","https://openalex.org/W2084208879","https://openalex.org/W2102596261","https://openalex.org/W2110675623","https://openalex.org/W2112664896","https://openalex.org/W2120500930","https://openalex.org/W2120912680","https://openalex.org/W2120935131","https://openalex.org/W2121618828","https://openalex.org/W2134713152","https://openalex.org/W2146298723","https://openalex.org/W2151100180","https://openalex.org/W2162504624","https://openalex.org/W2166268103","https://openalex.org/W2170296279","https://openalex.org/W2172587493","https://openalex.org/W2177410627","https://openalex.org/W2177833654","https://openalex.org/W2180973527","https://openalex.org/W3142120744","https://openalex.org/W6643742465","https://openalex.org/W6684653477"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2474043983","https://openalex.org/W2000633969","https://openalex.org/W2544336511","https://openalex.org/W2566880546","https://openalex.org/W2372909716","https://openalex.org/W2078513307","https://openalex.org/W1978186604","https://openalex.org/W2144737022","https://openalex.org/W2581907565","https://openalex.org/W1560641296"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"digital":[1,52],"fractional-N":[2,180],"PLL":[3,93,124,135,147],"that":[4,81],"employs":[5,30],"a":[6,11,22,31,55,75,114,165],"high":[7],"resolution":[8],"TDC":[9,46,61],"and":[10,105,109,132,151],"truly":[12],"\u0394\u03a3":[13,38],"fractional":[14,28],"divider":[15,29],"to":[16,35,63,102,113,164],"achieve":[17,64],"low":[18],"in-band":[19,130],"noise":[20,40,131],"with":[21],"wide":[23,92],"bandwidth":[24,136],"is":[25,84,98,174],"presented.":[26],"The":[27,50,95,146],"digital-to-time":[32],"converter":[33],"(DTC)":[34],"cancel":[36],"out":[37],"quantization":[39],"in":[41,72,117],"time":[42],"domain,":[43],"thus":[44,90],"alleviating":[45],"dynamic":[47],"range":[48,57],"requirements.":[49],"proposed":[51,96],"architecture":[53,97],"adopts":[54],"narrow":[56],"low-power":[58],"time-amplifier":[59],"based":[60],"(TA-TDC)":[62],"sub":[65],"1":[66],"ps":[67],"resolution.":[68],"By":[69],"using":[70,142],"TA-TDC":[71],"place":[73],"of":[74,170],"BBPD,":[76],"the":[77,88,122,175,178],"limit":[78],"cycle":[79],"behavior":[80,111],"plagues":[82],"BB-PLLs":[83],"greatly":[85],"suppressed":[86],"by":[87],"TA-TDC,":[89],"permitting":[91],"bandwidth.":[94],"also":[99],"less":[100],"susceptible":[101],"DTC":[103],"nonlinearity":[104],"has":[106],"faster":[107],"settling":[108],"tracking":[110],"compared":[112],"BB-PLL.":[115],"Fabricated":[116],"65":[118],"nm":[119],"CMOS":[120],"process,":[121],"prototype":[123],"achieves":[125,152],"better":[126,153],"than":[127,154],"-106":[128],"dBc/Hz":[129],"3":[133],"MHz":[134,144],"at":[137],"4.5":[138],"GHz":[139],"output":[140],"frequency":[141],"50":[143],"reference.":[145],"consumes":[148],"3.7":[149],"mW":[150],"490":[155],"fs":[156],"<sub":[157,167],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[158,168],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">rms</sub>":[159],"integrated":[160],"jitter.":[161],"This":[162],"translates":[163],"FoM":[166],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">J</sub>":[169],"-240.5":[171],"dB,":[172],"which":[173],"best":[176],"among":[177],"reported":[179],"PLLs.":[181]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
