{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1986533027","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2014.2358589","title":"A 346 \u00b5m 2 VCO-Based, Reference-Free, Self-Timed Sensor Interface for Cubic-Millimeter Sensor Nodes in 28 nm CMOS","display_name":"A 346 \u00b5m 2 VCO-Based, Reference-Free, Self-Timed Sensor Interface for Cubic-Millimeter Sensor Nodes in 28 nm CMOS","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-10-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1986533027","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2014.2358589","mag":"1986533027"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jssc.2014.2358589","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2014.2358589","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83637746","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits","issn_l":"0018-9200","issn":["0018-9200","1558-173X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073949066","display_name":"Laura Fick","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Laura Fick","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States","[Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110074219","display_name":"David Fick","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Fick","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States","[Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052037141","display_name":"Massimo Alioto","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4127-8258"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165932596","display_name":"National University of Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01tgyzw49","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Massimo Alioto","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dep. of Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECE), National University of Singapore, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dep. of Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECE), National University of Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035213479","display_name":"David Blaauw","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Blaauw","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States","[Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000767141","display_name":"Dennis Sylvester","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2598-0458"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dennis Sylvester","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States","[Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.6425,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":30,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81836349,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"49","issue":"11","first_page":"2462","last_page":"2473"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10323","display_name":"Analog and Mixed-Signal Circuit Design","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10323","display_name":"Analog and Mixed-Signal Circuit Design","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11992","display_name":"CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11472","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry and Sensors","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1502","display_name":"Bioengineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/15","display_name":"Chemical Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage-controlled-oscillator","display_name":"Voltage-controlled oscillator","score":0.7166841626167297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cmos","display_name":"CMOS","score":0.6499688029289246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.5393009781837463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5187913775444031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.4779548645019531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage-reference","display_name":"Voltage reference","score":0.46815967559814453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/calibration","display_name":"Calibration","score":0.4453848898410797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interface","display_name":"Interface (matter)","score":0.4267333149909973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-sensor-network","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","score":0.4195285737514496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/node","display_name":"Node (physics)","score":0.4152885377407074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.3815397620201111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.3599466383457184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.2636110782623291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.17755722999572754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.08406475186347961}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5291336","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q852341","display_name":"Voltage-controlled oscillator","level":3,"score":0.7166841626167297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46362747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173431","display_name":"CMOS","level":2,"score":0.6499688029289246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.5393009781837463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5187913775444031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.4779548645019531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44351266","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1465532","display_name":"Voltage reference","level":3,"score":0.46815967559814453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165838908","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q736777","display_name":"Calibration","level":2,"score":0.4453848898410797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113843644","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901882","display_name":"Interface (matter)","level":4,"score":0.4267333149909973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24590314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336038","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","level":2,"score":0.4195285737514496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62611344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062658","display_name":"Node (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4152885377407074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.3815397620201111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.3599466383457184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.2636110782623291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.17755722999572754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.08406475186347961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157915830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2928001","display_name":"Bubble","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129307140","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6795880","display_name":"Maximum bubble pressure method","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jssc.2014.2358589","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2014.2358589","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83637746","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits","issn_l":"0018-9200","issn":["0018-9200","1558-173X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.9100000262260437}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G101861880","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RG00003061","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320751","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Education - Singapore"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320751","display_name":"Ministry of Education - Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01kcva023"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1977705237","https://openalex.org/W1983225854","https://openalex.org/W1995733996","https://openalex.org/W1996271793","https://openalex.org/W2042545035","https://openalex.org/W2048500522","https://openalex.org/W2085503707","https://openalex.org/W2102190025","https://openalex.org/W2108619270","https://openalex.org/W2118530541","https://openalex.org/W2118814875","https://openalex.org/W2127245440","https://openalex.org/W2144374842","https://openalex.org/W2155589054","https://openalex.org/W2156231941","https://openalex.org/W2161982945","https://openalex.org/W2162923542","https://openalex.org/W2169806016","https://openalex.org/W4213190636","https://openalex.org/W6675414269","https://openalex.org/W6684668855"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2070109416","https://openalex.org/W1523213765","https://openalex.org/W2388316590","https://openalex.org/W2902200568","https://openalex.org/W2380576078","https://openalex.org/W3157583314","https://openalex.org/W2261105975","https://openalex.org/W2040399070","https://openalex.org/W2079831558","https://openalex.org/W1977617010"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"present":[1],"a":[2,53,107],"346":[3],"\u03bcm2reference-free,":[4],"asynchronous":[5],"VCO-based":[6],"sensor":[7,22],"interface":[8],"circuit":[9],"demonstrated":[10],"in":[11],"28":[12],"nm":[13],"LP":[14],"bulk":[15],"CMOS.":[16],"This":[17],"design":[18,82,105],"is":[19,122,135],"specifically":[20],"for":[21,34,48,84],"node":[23],"interfaces":[24],"which":[25],"do":[26],"not":[27],"have":[28],"the":[29,35,70,81],"power":[30,120],"or":[31,42],"volume":[32],"available":[33],"high":[36],"accuracy":[37],"current":[38],"sources,":[39,41],"voltage":[40,61],"low":[43],"jitter":[44],"timing":[45],"references":[46],"needed":[47],"traditional":[49],"ADCs.":[50],"By":[51],"using":[52],"straightforward":[54],"VCO":[55],"design,":[56],"it":[57],"achieves":[58],"wide":[59],"resolution,":[60],"scalability,":[62],"and":[63,75,96,116,129,142],"process":[64],"portability":[65],"while":[66],"consuming":[67],"only":[68],"~1/100th":[69],"area":[71],"of":[72,145],"prior":[73],"approaches":[74],"avoiding":[76],"costly":[77],"reference":[78],"circuitry.":[79],"In":[80],"measured":[83],"this":[85],"paper,":[86],"resolution":[87,117],"can":[88],"be":[89],"scaled":[90],"from":[91,98],"2.8":[92],"to":[93,101],"11.7":[94,123],"bits":[95,144],"VDD":[97,128,141],"500":[99],"mV":[100],"1.0":[102],"V.":[103],"The":[104],"contains":[106],"single-point":[108],"calibration":[109],"scheme":[110],"that":[111],"works":[112],"across":[113],"temperature,":[114],"voltage,":[115],"settings.":[118],"Minimum":[119],"consumption":[121],"\u03bcW":[124],"at":[125,138],"0.6":[126,139],"V":[127,140],"minimum":[130],"energy":[131],"per":[132],"conversion":[133],"step":[134],"41.2":[136],"fJ/b":[137],"9.42":[143],"effective":[146],"resolution.":[147]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-08-12T21:12:35.861297","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
