{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2082322483","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2014.2354650","title":"A 13 pJ/bit 900 MHz QPSK/16-QAM Band Shaped Transmitter Based on Injection Locking and Digital PA for Biomedical Applications","display_name":"A 13 pJ/bit 900 MHz QPSK/16-QAM Band Shaped Transmitter Based on Injection Locking and Digital PA for Biomedical Applications","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-09-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2082322483","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2014.2354650","mag":"2082322483"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jssc.2014.2354650","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2014.2354650","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83637746","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits","issn_l":"0018-9200","issn":["0018-9200","1558-173X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091779512","display_name":"Xiayun Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165932596","display_name":"National University of Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01tgyzw49","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiayun Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore","[Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore.]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore.]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011332240","display_name":"Mehran M. Izad","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165932596","display_name":"National University of Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01tgyzw49","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mehran M. Izad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore","[Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore.]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore.]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102752965","display_name":"Libin Yao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9053-0843"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165932596","display_name":"National University of Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01tgyzw49","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Libin Yao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore","[Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore.]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore.]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073001289","display_name":"Chun-Huat Heng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5696-8403"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165932596","display_name":"National University of Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01tgyzw49","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chun-Huat Heng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore","[Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore.]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore.]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.5552,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":45,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90766388,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"49","issue":"11","first_page":"2408","last_page":"2421"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10187","display_name":"Radio Frequency Integrated Circuit Design","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10187","display_name":"Radio Frequency Integrated Circuit Design","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11417","display_name":"Advancements in PLL and VCO Technologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10323","display_name":"Analog and Mixed-Signal Circuit Design","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmitter","display_name":"Transmitter","score":0.7615216970443726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phase-shift-keying","display_name":"Phase-shift keying","score":0.6723587512969971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/amplifier","display_name":"Amplifier","score":0.5790601372718811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.5546900033950806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.4849238693714142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quadrature-amplitude-modulation","display_name":"Quadrature amplitude modulation","score":0.47678685188293457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/qam","display_name":"QAM","score":0.47341734170913696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radio-transmitter-design","display_name":"Radio transmitter design","score":0.4718187749385834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/duty-cycle","display_name":"Duty cycle","score":0.44095703959465027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/predistortion","display_name":"Predistortion","score":0.4295382797718048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modulation","display_name":"Modulation (music)","score":0.4120783805847168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cmos","display_name":"CMOS","score":0.4004816710948944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.39683786034584045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bit-error-rate","display_name":"Bit error rate","score":0.3504880666732788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.3355177342891693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.30254364013671875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.1762007176876068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.1513882577419281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.08156594634056091}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47798520","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190157","display_name":"Transmitter","level":3,"score":0.7615216970443726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186378180","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4874866","display_name":"Phase-shift keying","level":4,"score":0.6723587512969971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194257627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q211554","display_name":"Amplifier","level":3,"score":0.5790601372718811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.5546900033950806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.4849238693714142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32409245","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q749753","display_name":"Quadrature amplitude modulation","level":4,"score":0.47678685188293457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59030546","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7265371","display_name":"QAM","level":5,"score":0.47341734170913696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142031617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17105437","display_name":"Radio transmitter design","level":4,"score":0.4718187749385834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199822604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q557120","display_name":"Duty cycle","level":3,"score":0.44095703959465027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778587875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7239686","display_name":"Predistortion","level":4,"score":0.4295382797718048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123079801","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750240","display_name":"Modulation (music)","level":2,"score":0.4120783805847168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46362747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173431","display_name":"CMOS","level":2,"score":0.4004816710948944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.39683786034584045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56296756","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840922","display_name":"Bit error rate","level":3,"score":0.3504880666732788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.3355177342891693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.30254364013671875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.1762007176876068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.1513882577419281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.08156594634056091}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jssc.2014.2354650","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2014.2354650","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83637746","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits","issn_l":"0018-9200","issn":["0018-9200","1558-173X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8899999856948853,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320314786","display_name":"Xilinx","ror":"https://ror.org/01rb7bk56"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320698","display_name":"National University of Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01tgyzw49"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322410","display_name":"MediaTek","ror":"https://ror.org/05g9jck81"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1971193779","https://openalex.org/W1980041945","https://openalex.org/W1986946654","https://openalex.org/W2027746704","https://openalex.org/W2038819495","https://openalex.org/W2040312712","https://openalex.org/W2049565704","https://openalex.org/W2051704595","https://openalex.org/W2068693369","https://openalex.org/W2069908882","https://openalex.org/W2080072424","https://openalex.org/W2084894221","https://openalex.org/W2086681809","https://openalex.org/W2107997635","https://openalex.org/W2108458508","https://openalex.org/W2115191163","https://openalex.org/W2115320563","https://openalex.org/W2122867694","https://openalex.org/W2124560255","https://openalex.org/W2126470432","https://openalex.org/W2138652368","https://openalex.org/W2140596192","https://openalex.org/W2156158461","https://openalex.org/W2161455871","https://openalex.org/W2167891824","https://openalex.org/W2178610490","https://openalex.org/W2464460870","https://openalex.org/W2802248155","https://openalex.org/W4210621757","https://openalex.org/W6660474006","https://openalex.org/W6662652947","https://openalex.org/W6670507742","https://openalex.org/W6675886295","https://openalex.org/W6718890827"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2147334234","https://openalex.org/W2085207364","https://openalex.org/W2159438609","https://openalex.org/W2893995248","https://openalex.org/W3196902411","https://openalex.org/W2064534496","https://openalex.org/W2901356766","https://openalex.org/W2139936226","https://openalex.org/W1970526599","https://openalex.org/W2116064201"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"presents":[2],"a":[3,104],"900":[4],"MHz":[5],"highly":[6],"digital":[7],"transmitter":[8,66,74],"capable":[9],"of":[10,37,79,99,107,121,154],"providing":[11],"band":[12,130],"shaped":[13],"QPSK/16-QAM":[14,84],"modulation":[15,57],"for":[16,29,83,140],"high":[17,21],"data-rate":[18],"applications":[19],"with":[20,85,127],"energy":[22,54,119],"efficiency.":[23],"Injection-locked":[24],"ring":[25],"oscillator":[26],"is":[27,61,136],"used":[28],"multi-phase":[30],"carrier":[31],"generation":[32],"which":[33],"eliminates":[34],"the":[35,65,73],"use":[36],"power-hungry":[38],"phase-locked":[39],"loop.":[40],"It":[41],"also":[42],"provides":[43],"fast":[44],"settling":[45,105],"time":[46,106],"that":[47],"enables":[48],"heavy":[49],"duty":[50],"cycling":[51],"to":[52,63],"maximize":[53],"conservation.":[55],"Direct":[56],"at":[58],"power":[59],"amplifier":[60],"adopted":[62],"simplify":[64],"architecture.":[67],"Fabricated":[68],"in":[69],"65":[70],"nm":[71],"CMOS,":[72],"achieves":[75,103,117],"maximum":[76],"data":[77],"rate":[78],"50":[80,143],"Mbps/100":[81],"Mbps":[82],"effective":[86],"sideband":[87],"suppression":[88],"more":[89],"than":[90,109,138],"38":[91],"dB.":[92],"The":[93,133],"chip":[94],"occupies":[95],"an":[96,118],"active":[97],"area":[98],"0.08":[100],"mm":[101],"and":[102,124,128,145],"less":[108],"88":[110],"ns.":[111],"Under":[112],"0.77":[113],"V":[114],"supply,":[115],"it":[116],"efficiency":[120],"26":[122],"pJ/bit":[123,126],"13":[125],"without":[129],"shaping":[131],"respectively.":[132],"measured":[134],"EVM":[135],"better":[137],"6%":[139],"QPSK":[141],"(at":[142,147],"Mbps)":[144,149],"16-QAM":[146],"100":[148],"while":[150],"delivering":[151],"-15":[152],"dBm":[153],"output":[155],"power.":[156]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
