{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1971046436","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2011.2164667","title":"A Neural Stimulator Frontend With High-Voltage Compliance and Programmable Pulse Shape for Epiretinal Implants","display_name":"A Neural Stimulator Frontend With High-Voltage Compliance and Programmable Pulse Shape for Epiretinal Implants","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-09-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1971046436","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2011.2164667","mag":"1971046436"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jssc.2011.2164667","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2011.2164667","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83637746","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits","issn_l":"0018-9200","issn":["0018-9200","1558-173X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035819049","display_name":"Emilia Noorsal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1304-0987"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I196349391","display_name":"Universit\u00e4t Ulm","ror":"https://ror.org/032000t02","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I196349391"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Emilia Noorsal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Microelectronics, University of Ulm (EBS), Ulm, Germany","Inst. of Microelectron., Univ. of Ulm, Ulm, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Microelectronics, University of Ulm (EBS), Ulm, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196349391"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Inst. of Microelectron., Univ. of Ulm, Ulm, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196349391"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010832044","display_name":"Kriangkrai Sooksood","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4506-2083"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I196349391","display_name":"Universit\u00e4t Ulm","ror":"https://ror.org/032000t02","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I196349391"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kriangkrai Sooksood","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Microelectronics, University of Ulm (EBS), Ulm, Germany","Inst. of Microelectron., Univ. of Ulm, Ulm, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Microelectronics, University of Ulm (EBS), Ulm, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196349391"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Inst. of Microelectron., Univ. of Ulm, Ulm, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196349391"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067567098","display_name":"Hongcheng Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2813-3230"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I196349391","display_name":"Universit\u00e4t Ulm","ror":"https://ror.org/032000t02","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I196349391"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongcheng Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Microelectronics, University of Ulm (EBS), Ulm, Germany","Inst. of Microelectron., Univ. of Ulm, Ulm, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Microelectronics, University of Ulm (EBS), Ulm, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196349391"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Inst. of Microelectron., Univ. of Ulm, Ulm, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196349391"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023254600","display_name":"Ralf Hornig","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ralf Hornig","raw_affiliation_strings":["IMI Intelligent Medical Implants GmbH, Bonn, Germany","IMI Intell. Med. Implants GmbH, Bonn, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IMI Intelligent Medical Implants GmbH, Bonn, Germany","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IMI Intell. Med. Implants GmbH, Bonn, Germany","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067122803","display_name":"Joachim Becker","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2125-7812"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I196349391","display_name":"Universit\u00e4t Ulm","ror":"https://ror.org/032000t02","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I196349391"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joachim Becker","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Microelectronics, University of Ulm (EBS), Ulm, Germany","Inst. of Microelectron., Univ. of Ulm, Ulm, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Microelectronics, University of Ulm (EBS), Ulm, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196349391"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Inst. of Microelectron., Univ. of Ulm, Ulm, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196349391"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034938079","display_name":"Maurits Ortmanns","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3547-1596"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I196349391","display_name":"Universit\u00e4t Ulm","ror":"https://ror.org/032000t02","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I196349391"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maurits Ortmanns","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Microelectronics, University of Ulm (EBS), Ulm, Germany","Inst. of Microelectron., Univ. of Ulm, Ulm, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Microelectronics, University of Ulm (EBS), Ulm, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196349391"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Inst. of Microelectron., Univ. of Ulm, Ulm, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196349391"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.7147,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":209,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97341733,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"47","issue":"1","first_page":"244","last_page":"256"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11601","display_name":"Neuroscience and Neural Engineering","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2804","display_name":"Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11601","display_name":"Neuroscience and Neural Engineering","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2804","display_name":"Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.573739767074585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.4823262393474579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pulse-width-modulation","display_name":"Pulse-width modulation","score":0.4436008930206299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pulse","display_name":"Pulse (music)","score":0.43668466806411743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrode","display_name":"Electrode","score":0.4310251474380493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.41148704290390015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.3669206500053406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.3541008234024048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.2966461181640625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2844226360321045}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.573739767074585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.4823262393474579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92746544","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q585184","display_name":"Pulse-width modulation","level":3,"score":0.4436008930206299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780167933","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1550652","display_name":"Pulse (music)","level":3,"score":0.43668466806411743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17525397","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176140","display_name":"Electrode","level":2,"score":0.4310251474380493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.41148704290390015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.3669206500053406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.3541008234024048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.2966461181640625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2844226360321045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jssc.2011.2164667","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2011.2164667","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83637746","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits","issn_l":"0018-9200","issn":["0018-9200","1558-173X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.8700000047683716}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1481844782","https://openalex.org/W1966224282","https://openalex.org/W1980623242","https://openalex.org/W1996960278","https://openalex.org/W2014261579","https://openalex.org/W2030828976","https://openalex.org/W2045495785","https://openalex.org/W2062848446","https://openalex.org/W2096289865","https://openalex.org/W2096476047","https://openalex.org/W2104985998","https://openalex.org/W2105719325","https://openalex.org/W2106730177","https://openalex.org/W2107487004","https://openalex.org/W2111980142","https://openalex.org/W2112854909","https://openalex.org/W2121065779","https://openalex.org/W2122463094","https://openalex.org/W2122970027","https://openalex.org/W2131773286","https://openalex.org/W2132221527","https://openalex.org/W2145662372","https://openalex.org/W2148483191","https://openalex.org/W2150538259","https://openalex.org/W2151411838","https://openalex.org/W2153787766","https://openalex.org/W2156021100","https://openalex.org/W2160467082","https://openalex.org/W2160827929","https://openalex.org/W2162816158","https://openalex.org/W2163483604","https://openalex.org/W2166974607","https://openalex.org/W2169069799","https://openalex.org/W2169256268","https://openalex.org/W2295233784","https://openalex.org/W2295442890","https://openalex.org/W4248262636","https://openalex.org/W6697158000"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2040398333","https://openalex.org/W1878742981","https://openalex.org/W2187813406","https://openalex.org/W2763152318","https://openalex.org/W1501882840","https://openalex.org/W2137992531","https://openalex.org/W1979763169","https://openalex.org/W3181468185","https://openalex.org/W2156037020","https://openalex.org/W3093628983"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"presents":[2],"an":[3,17],"integrated":[4],"neural":[5],"stimulator":[6,91],"with":[7,20,34,137],"highly":[8],"efficient":[9],"and":[10,42,46,51,60,86,108,126],"flexible":[11],"frontend":[12,103],"which":[13],"is":[14,54,124],"intended":[15],"for":[16,37],"epiretinal":[18],"implant":[19],"1024":[21],"electrodes.":[22],"It":[23],"features":[24,104],"programmable":[25],"stimulation":[26,70],"pulse":[27],"shapes,":[28],"a":[29,65,97,150],"high-voltage":[30],"(HV)":[31],"output":[32,132],"driver":[33],"compliance":[35,120],"monitor":[36],"supply":[38],"voltage":[39,119],"adaptation,":[40],"active":[41],"passive":[43],"charge":[44],"balancers,":[45],"electrode":[47,153],"impedance":[48],"measurement.":[49],"Area":[50],"power":[52,73],"efficiency":[53],"achieved":[55,125],"by":[56,83],"global":[57,85],"timing":[58],"assignment":[59],"local":[61,69,87],"amplitude":[62],"control":[63,79],"over":[64],"bus":[66],"at":[67],"the":[68,76],"units.":[71],"Major":[72],"savings":[74],"in":[75,96,154],"distributed":[77],"digital":[78],"units":[80],"are":[81,158],"realized":[82],"implementing":[84],"clock":[88],"gating.":[89],"Two":[90],"frontends":[92],"have":[93],"been":[94],"fabricated":[95],"0.35":[98],"\u03bcm":[99],"HVCMOS":[100],"process.":[101],"Each":[102],"four":[105],"demultiplexed":[106],"outputs":[107],"consumes":[109],"0.2":[110],"mm":[111],"<sup":[112],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[113],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">2</sup>":[114],"core":[115],"area.":[116],"A":[117],"maximum":[118],"of":[121,131],"20":[122],"V":[123],"up":[127,138],"to":[128,139],"1":[129],"mA":[130],"current":[133],"can":[134],"be":[135],"adjusted":[136],"50":[140],"dB":[141],"dynamic":[142],"range.":[143],"In":[144],"vitro":[145],"experimental":[146],"results":[147],"performed":[148],"on":[149],"platinum":[151],"black":[152],"0.9%":[155],"saline":[156],"solution":[157],"given.":[159]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":10}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}