{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2098852067","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2009.2021920","title":"Single-Photon Synchronous Detection","display_name":"Single-Photon Synchronous Detection","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-06-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2098852067","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2009.2021920","mag":"2098852067"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jssc.2009.2021920","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2009.2021920","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83637746","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits","issn_l":"0018-9200","issn":["0018-9200","1558-173X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"http://infoscience.epfl.ch/record/125264","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069051247","display_name":"Cristiano Niclass","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8264-5408"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165351","display_name":"Toyota Central Research and Development Laboratories (Japan)","ror":"https://ror.org/05mjgqe69","country_code":"JP","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210125472","https://openalex.org/I4210165351"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5124864","display_name":"\u00c9cole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne","ror":"https://ror.org/02s376052","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I5124864"]}],"countries":["CH","JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cristiano Niclass","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ecole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland","Toyota Central Research and Development Laboratories, Inc., Aichi, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ecole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5124864"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Toyota Central Research and Development Laboratories, Inc., Aichi, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165351"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043694654","display_name":"Claudio Favi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7176-0731"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5124864","display_name":"\u00c9cole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne","ror":"https://ror.org/02s376052","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I5124864"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Claudio Favi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ecole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale, Lausanne, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ecole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale, Lausanne, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5124864"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035447189","display_name":"Theo Kluter","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5124864","display_name":"\u00c9cole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne","ror":"https://ror.org/02s376052","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I5124864"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Theo Kluter","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ecole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ecole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5124864"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103533695","display_name":"Fr\u00c9d\u00c9ric Monnier","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5124864","display_name":"\u00c9cole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne","ror":"https://ror.org/02s376052","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I5124864"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fr\u00c9d\u00c9ric Monnier","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ecole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ecole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5124864"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026782847","display_name":"Edoardo Charbon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0620-3365"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98358874","display_name":"Delft University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2c7k09","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Edoardo Charbon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Technical University Delft, Delft, Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technical University Delft, Delft, Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":25.5488,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":118,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99088146,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"44","issue":"7","first_page":"1977","last_page":"1989"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12153","display_name":"Advanced Optical Sensing Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3105","display_name":"Instrumentation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12153","display_name":"Advanced Optical Sensing Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3105","display_name":"Instrumentation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13869","display_name":"Ocular and Laser Science Research","score":0.9894999861717224,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10540","display_name":"Advanced Fluorescence Microscopy Techniques","score":0.9891999959945679,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1304","display_name":"Biophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/repeatability","display_name":"Repeatability","score":0.5829731225967407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5388301610946655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.5219359397888184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5217177271842957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.4648987352848053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photon","display_name":"Photon","score":0.46435025334358215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/range","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","score":0.45375868678092957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-camera","display_name":"Digital camera","score":0.45338380336761475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phase","display_name":"Phase (matter)","score":0.4394931495189667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-sensor","display_name":"Image sensor","score":0.4346761703491211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cmos-sensor","display_name":"CMOS sensor","score":0.41791096329689026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.3328089118003845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.17809796333312988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.13432800769805908}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154020017","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q520171","display_name":"Repeatability","level":2,"score":0.5829731225967407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5388301610946655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.5219359397888184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5217177271842957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4648987352848053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159317903","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3198","display_name":"Photon","level":2,"score":0.46435025334358215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.45375868678092957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779705975","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q62927","display_name":"Digital camera","level":2,"score":0.45338380336761475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44280652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104837","display_name":"Phase (matter)","level":2,"score":0.4394931495189667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76935873","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q209121","display_name":"Image sensor","level":2,"score":0.4346761703491211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155512908","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210745","display_name":"CMOS sensor","level":3,"score":0.41791096329689026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.3328089118003845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.17809796333312988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.13432800769805908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jssc.2009.2021920","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2009.2021920","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83637746","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits","issn_l":"0018-9200","issn":["0018-9200","1558-173X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.418.7504","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.418.7504","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://ens.ewi.tudelft.nl/pubs/charbon08esscirc.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.419.201","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.419.201","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://ens.ewi.tudelft.nl/pubs/charbon09jssc.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:infoscience.epfl.ch:125264","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://infoscience.epfl.ch/record/125264","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400487","display_name":"Infoscience (Ecole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:infoscience.epfl.ch:139419","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://infoscience.epfl.ch/record/139419","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400487","display_name":"Infoscience (Ecole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:infoscience.epfl.ch:125264","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://infoscience.epfl.ch/record/125264","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400487","display_name":"Infoscience (Ecole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1531207931","https://openalex.org/W1551550347","https://openalex.org/W1975328031","https://openalex.org/W2016464725","https://openalex.org/W2019230763","https://openalex.org/W2038643807","https://openalex.org/W2051228724","https://openalex.org/W2074082047","https://openalex.org/W2097952040","https://openalex.org/W2114116622","https://openalex.org/W2131010094","https://openalex.org/W2141493752","https://openalex.org/W2158311142","https://openalex.org/W2170670180","https://openalex.org/W2172988528","https://openalex.org/W2288233767","https://openalex.org/W2528611534"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1966119149","https://openalex.org/W2099015120","https://openalex.org/W2466718138","https://openalex.org/W2347245756","https://openalex.org/W2351312630","https://openalex.org/W2028671992","https://openalex.org/W3139631222","https://openalex.org/W2367429071","https://openalex.org/W3008091216","https://openalex.org/W1979538704"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Phase":[0],"and":[1,22,115],"intensity":[2],"of":[3,62,74,83,94,112,147],"light":[4,53],"are":[5,98],"detected":[6],"simultaneously":[7],"using":[8],"a":[9,30,42,51,67,71,136,145,148],"fully":[10,31],"digital":[11],"imaging":[12],"technique:":[13],"single-photon":[14],"synchronous":[15],"detection.":[16],"This":[17],"approach":[18],"has":[19,108],"been":[20],"theoretically":[21],"experimentally":[23],"investigated":[24],"in":[25,41,88],"this":[26],"paper.":[27],"We":[28],"designed":[29],"integrated":[32],"camera":[33,48,78],"implementing":[34],"the":[35,60,63,75,95,99,110,113,124,152,155],"new":[36],"technique":[37,114],"that":[38,123],"was":[39,133,159],"fabricated":[40],"0.35":[43],"mum":[44],"CMOS":[45],"technology.":[46],"The":[47,77],"demonstrator":[49],"features":[50],"modulated":[52],"source,":[54],"so":[55],"as":[56],"to":[57],"independently":[58],"capture":[59],"time-of-flight":[61],"photons":[64],"reflected":[65],"by":[66],"target,":[68],"thereby":[69],"reconstructing":[70],"depth":[72],"map":[73],"scene.":[76],"also":[79],"enables":[80],"image":[81,103],"enhancement":[82],"2D":[84],"scenes":[85],"when":[86],"used":[87],"passive":[89],"mode,":[90],"where":[91],"differential":[92],"maps":[93],"reflection":[96],"patterns":[97],"basis":[100],"for":[101],"advanced":[102],"processing":[104],"algorithms.":[105],"Extensive":[106],"testing":[107],"shown":[109],"suitability":[111],"confirmed":[116],"phase":[117],"accuracy":[118],"predictions.":[119],"Experimental":[120],"results":[121],"showed":[122],"proposed":[125],"rangefinder":[126],"method":[127],"is":[128],"effective.":[129],"Distance":[130],"measurement":[131],"performance":[132],"characterized":[134],"with":[135],"maximum":[137,156],"nonlinearity":[138],"error":[139,158],"lower":[140],"than":[141],"12":[142],"cm":[143],"within":[144],"range":[146],"few":[149],"meters.":[150],"In":[151],"same":[153],"range,":[154],"repeatability":[157],"3.8":[160],"cm.":[161]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":9}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T09:40:50.615796","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}