{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7135022660","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsac.2026.3672746","title":"Experimental Validation of Provably Covert Communication Using Software-Defined Radio","display_name":"Experimental Validation of Provably Covert Communication Using Software-Defined Radio","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7135022660","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsac.2026.3672746"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jsac.2026.3672746","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsac.2026.3672746","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S90422530","display_name":"IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications","issn_l":"0733-8716","issn":["0733-8716","1558-0008"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111081568","display_name":"Rohan Bali","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138006243","display_name":"University of Arizona","ror":"https://ror.org/03m2x1q45","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Rohan Bali","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Trevor E. Bailey","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-7516-5100"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138006243","display_name":"University of Arizona","ror":"https://ror.org/03m2x1q45","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Trevor E. Bailey","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035164721","display_name":"Michael S. Bullock","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3528-7473"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138006243","display_name":"University of Arizona","ror":"https://ror.org/03m2x1q45","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael S. Bullock","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044894929","display_name":"Boulat A. Bash","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1205-3906"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138006243","display_name":"University of Arizona","ror":"https://ror.org/03m2x1q45","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Boulat A. Bash","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5111081568"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.58207349,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"44","issue":null,"first_page":"4382","last_page":"4396"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10964","display_name":"Wireless Communication Security Techniques","score":0.7501999735832214,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10964","display_name":"Wireless Communication Security Techniques","score":0.7501999735832214,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.1177000030875206,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10579","display_name":"Cognitive Radio Networks and Spectrum Sensing","score":0.04270000010728836,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covert","display_name":"Covert","score":0.8773999810218811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covert-channel","display_name":"Covert channel","score":0.666100025177002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decoding-methods","display_name":"Decoding methods","score":0.5210999846458435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmission","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","score":0.5060999989509583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/communications-system","display_name":"Communications system","score":0.3953999876976013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/models-of-communication","display_name":"Models of communication","score":0.3589000105857849}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779338814","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5179285","display_name":"Covert","level":2,"score":0.8773999810218811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8295999765396118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29024540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1476964","display_name":"Covert channel","level":5,"score":0.666100025177002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57273362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q576722","display_name":"Decoding methods","level":2,"score":0.5210999846458435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.5060999989509583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101765175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q577764","display_name":"Communications system","level":2,"score":0.3953999876976013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.37619999051094055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158156997","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1416645","display_name":"Models of communication","level":2,"score":0.3589000105857849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781089630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21856745","display_name":"Realization (probability)","level":2,"score":0.34950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12269588","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q132364","display_name":"Communications protocol","level":2,"score":0.33889999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C557945733","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q389772","display_name":"Data transmission","level":2,"score":0.32420000433921814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192126672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1068715","display_name":"Telecommunications network","level":2,"score":0.2838999927043915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777027219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1284190","display_name":"Constant (computer programming)","level":2,"score":0.2732999920845032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.26660001277923584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.2619999945163727}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jsac.2026.3672746","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsac.2026.3672746","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S90422530","display_name":"IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications","issn_l":"0733-8716","issn":["0733-8716","1558-0008"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.6458783149719238}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2624682620","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CCF-2006679","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6656238536","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CNS-2107265","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,66],"fundamental":[1],"information-theoretic":[2],"limits":[3],"of":[4,9,75,84,100,111,153,165],"covert,":[5],"or":[6,63],"low":[7],"probability":[8],"detection/intercept":[10],"(LPD/LPI),":[11],"communication":[12,102,114,130,201],"have":[13],"been":[14],"extensively":[15],"studied":[16],"for":[17,50,92,191,198],"over":[18,44],"a":[19,145],"decade,":[20],"resulting":[21,167],"in":[22,61,94,155],"the":[23,72,82,163,166,172],"<italic":[24,31,35,47,52],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[25,32,36,48,53],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">square":[26],"root":[27],"law</i>":[28],"(SRL):":[29],"only":[30,107],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">L</i>":[33,54],"\u221a":[34],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">n</i>":[37],"covert":[38,78,101,113,127,151,192,200],"bits":[39],"can":[40],"be":[41],"reliably":[42],"transmitted":[43],"time-bandwidth":[45],"product":[46],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">n</i>,":[49],"constant":[51],">":[55],"0.":[56],"Transmitting":[57],"more":[58],"either":[59],"results":[60],"detection":[62],"decoding":[64],"errors.":[65],"SRL":[67],"imposes":[68],"significant":[69],"constraints":[70],"on":[71,119,178],"hardware":[73],"realization":[74],"mathematically":[76],"guaranteed":[77],"communication.":[79,96],"These":[80],"preclude":[81],"use":[83],"standard":[85],"link":[86],"maintenance":[87],"operations":[88],"that":[89],"are":[90,115],"taken":[91],"granted":[93],"non-covert":[95],"Thus,":[97],"experimental":[98,109],"validation":[99],"is":[103],"under-explored:":[104],"to":[105,149,187],"date,":[106],"two":[108],"studies":[110],"SRL-based":[112],"available,":[116],"both":[117],"focusing":[118],"optical":[120],"channels.":[121],"Here,":[122],"we":[123],"demonstrate":[124],"provably":[125],"secure":[126],"radio-frequency":[128],"(RF)":[129],"using":[131,188],"software-defined":[132],"radios":[133],"(SDRs).":[134],"We":[135,180],"combine":[136],"system":[137],"design,":[138],"theory,":[139],"and":[140,169,182,203],"experiments":[141],"by":[142,175],"1)":[143],"developing":[144],"sparse-signaling":[146],"pulse":[147],"shape":[148],"enable":[150],"transmission":[152],"data":[154],"an":[156],"environment":[157],"with":[158],"potential":[159],"mobility,":[160],"2)":[161],"proving":[162],"covertness":[164],"system,":[168],"3)":[170],"validating":[171],"theoretical":[173],"predictions":[174],"implementing":[176,199],"it":[177],"SDRs.":[179],"uncover":[181],"address":[183],"unique":[184],"challenges":[185],"specific":[186],"SDR":[189],"architecture":[190],"communications.":[193],"This":[194],"opens":[195],"practical":[196],"avenues":[197],"systems":[202],"raises":[204],"further":[205],"research":[206],"questions.":[207]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-17T18:11:37.981687","created_date":"2026-03-12T00:00:00"}
