{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7133303751","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsac.2026.3669872","title":"Joint Optimization of Flexible Antenna Array Shape and Beamforming for Secure Communication","display_name":"Joint Optimization of Flexible Antenna Array Shape and Beamforming for Secure Communication","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7133303751","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsac.2026.3669872"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jsac.2026.3669872","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsac.2026.3669872","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S90422530","display_name":"IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications","issn_l":"0733-8716","issn":["0733-8716","1558-0008"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128009330","display_name":"Zhen Xu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zhen Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Flexible Electronics (SoFE), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Flexible Electronics (SoFE), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128030905","display_name":"Gaojie Chen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gaojie Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Flexible Electronics (SoFE), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Flexible Electronics (SoFE), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Jing Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3621-381X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jing Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Flexible Electronics (SoFE), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Flexible Electronics (SoFE), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101468179","display_name":"Weiwei Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2926-8476"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41198531","display_name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/043bpky34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weiwei Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5127822109","display_name":"Yonghui Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129604602","display_name":"The University of Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/0384j8v12","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yonghui Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Information Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Information Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5127890771","display_name":"Rahim Tafazolli","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28290843","display_name":"University of Surrey","ror":"https://ror.org/00ks66431","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rahim Tafazolli","raw_affiliation_strings":["5G and 6G Innovation Centre, Institute for Communication Systems (ICS), University of Surrey, Guildford, U.K"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"5G and 6G Innovation Centre, Institute for Communication Systems (ICS), University of Surrey, Guildford, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5127941282","display_name":"Wei Huang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Flexible Electronics (SoFE), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Flexible Electronics (SoFE), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5128009330"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.48574685,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"44","issue":null,"first_page":"4051","last_page":"4066"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11946","display_name":"Antenna Design and Optimization","score":0.6111999750137329,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11946","display_name":"Antenna Design and Optimization","score":0.6111999750137329,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10069","display_name":"Antenna Design and Analysis","score":0.10610000044107437,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10931","display_name":"Direction-of-Arrival Estimation Techniques","score":0.04540000110864639,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beamforming","display_name":"Beamforming","score":0.8945000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reconfigurability","display_name":"Reconfigurability","score":0.7508000135421753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/joint","display_name":"Joint (building)","score":0.6254000067710876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/base-station","display_name":"Base station","score":0.5785999894142151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maximization","display_name":"Maximization","score":0.49880000948905945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-layer","display_name":"Physical layer","score":0.49630001187324524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optimization-problem","display_name":"Optimization problem","score":0.48649999499320984}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54197355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5782992","display_name":"Beamforming","level":2,"score":0.8945000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8184999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780149590","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7302742","display_name":"Reconfigurability","level":2,"score":0.7508000135421753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18555067","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8375051","display_name":"Joint (building)","level":2,"score":0.6254000067710876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68649174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1379116","display_name":"Base station","level":2,"score":0.5785999894142151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776330181","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18358244","display_name":"Maximization","level":2,"score":0.49880000948905945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19247436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192727","display_name":"Physical layer","level":3,"score":0.49630001187324524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137836250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q984063","display_name":"Optimization problem","level":2,"score":0.48649999499320984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.43689998984336853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21822782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131214","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","level":2,"score":0.4221000075340271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143635782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1187868","display_name":"Smart antenna","level":4,"score":0.3846000134944916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.36570000648498535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62191587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4771249","display_name":"Antenna array","level":3,"score":0.34929999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.2985000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207987634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176862","display_name":"MIMO","level":3,"score":0.27559998631477356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.26750001311302185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.25870001316070557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.25589999556541443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778415886","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1823435","display_name":"Reflector (photography)","level":3,"score":0.25209999084472656}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jsac.2026.3669872","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsac.2026.3669872","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S90422530","display_name":"IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications","issn_l":"0733-8716","issn":["0733-8716","1558-0008"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3605205617","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"24hytd010","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335880","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for Central Universities of the Central South University"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5985327202","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62501652","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7257018176","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2025M773513","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","funder_display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/0426zh255"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335880","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for Central Universities of the Central South University","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2141682101","https://openalex.org/W2797097527","https://openalex.org/W2900862410","https://openalex.org/W2963290381","https://openalex.org/W2963674318","https://openalex.org/W3084953801","https://openalex.org/W3086387771","https://openalex.org/W3107232831","https://openalex.org/W3117340929","https://openalex.org/W3171460757","https://openalex.org/W4206671696","https://openalex.org/W4213044724","https://openalex.org/W4213288133","https://openalex.org/W4213413464","https://openalex.org/W4220978974","https://openalex.org/W4282002322","https://openalex.org/W4312959323","https://openalex.org/W4317039528","https://openalex.org/W4318046457","https://openalex.org/W4322576964","https://openalex.org/W4362653158","https://openalex.org/W4367146755","https://openalex.org/W4384917080","https://openalex.org/W4385061929","https://openalex.org/W4386322185","https://openalex.org/W4386523965","https://openalex.org/W4387682359","https://openalex.org/W4388666110","https://openalex.org/W4390357369","https://openalex.org/W4390496060","https://openalex.org/W4390800959","https://openalex.org/W4391341366","https://openalex.org/W4391936067","https://openalex.org/W4392693977","https://openalex.org/W4392909287","https://openalex.org/W4395097211","https://openalex.org/W4400645162","https://openalex.org/W4401357214","https://openalex.org/W4402673380","https://openalex.org/W4402830179","https://openalex.org/W4404410614","https://openalex.org/W4404955305","https://openalex.org/W4405270090","https://openalex.org/W4408145283","https://openalex.org/W4415707050"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Flexible":[0],"antenna":[1],"arrays":[2],"(FAAs)":[3],"can":[4],"physically":[5],"reshape":[6],"their":[7],"geometry":[8,47,131],"to":[9,22,41,101,114,126],"add":[10],"new":[11,82],"spatial":[12],"degrees-of-freedom,":[13],"whereas":[14],"transmit":[15,90],"beamforming":[16,50,91,133],"adjusts":[17],"the":[18,27,39,43,70,89,102,106,116,129,139,152],"complex":[19],"element":[20],"weights":[21],"electronically":[23],"steer":[24],"and":[25,49,93,132],"shape":[26,97],"array\u2019s":[28],"radiation":[29],"pattern,":[30],"thereby":[31],"significantly":[32,144],"improving":[33],"communication":[34],"performance.":[35],"This":[36],"paper":[37],"is":[38,112],"first":[40],"explore":[42],"integration":[44],"of":[45,72,105,154],"FAA":[46,63,96,130],"control":[48,98],"for":[51,157],"physical":[52],"layer":[53],"security":[54],"enhancement,":[55],"where":[56],"a":[57,66,81,94],"base":[58],"station":[59],"equipped":[60],"with":[61,65],"an":[62,108],"communicates":[64],"legitimate":[67],"user":[68],"in":[69],"presence":[71],"passive":[73],"eavesdroppers.":[74],"To":[75],"safeguard":[76],"confidential":[77],"transmissions,":[78],"we":[79],"formulate":[80],"secrecy-rate":[83],"maximization":[84],"problem":[85],"that":[86,138],"jointly":[87],"optimizes":[88],"vector":[92],"continuous":[95],"parameter.":[99],"Due":[100],"non-convex":[103],"nature":[104],"problem,":[107],"alternating":[109],"optimization":[110,142],"algorithm":[111],"developed":[113],"decompose":[115],"joint":[117,141],"design":[118],"into":[119],"tractable":[120],"subproblems,":[121],"which":[122],"are":[123],"solved":[124],"iteratively":[125],"refine":[127],"both":[128],"strategy.":[134],"Simulation":[135],"results":[136],"confirm":[137],"proposed":[140],"framework":[143],"outperforms":[145],"conventional":[146],"fixed-shape":[147],"or":[148],"beamforming-only":[149],"schemes,":[150],"demonstrating":[151],"potential":[153],"FAA-enabled":[155],"reconfigurability":[156],"secure":[158],"wireless":[159],"communications.":[160]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2026-03-04T00:00:00"}