{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4417439050","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsac.2025.3645708","title":"Sync4CT: Synchronization for Coherent Transmission in Distributed Massive MIMO","display_name":"Sync4CT: Synchronization for Coherent Transmission in Distributed Massive MIMO","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-12-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4417439050","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsac.2025.3645708"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jsac.2025.3645708","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsac.2025.3645708","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S90422530","display_name":"IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications","issn_l":"0733-8716","issn":["0733-8716","1558-0008"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087431626","display_name":"Xi Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-9897-2282"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116953780","display_name":"Tongji University","ror":"https://ror.org/03rc6as71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xi Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101627499","display_name":"Fan Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0172-5519"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116953780","display_name":"Tongji University","ror":"https://ror.org/03rc6as71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fan Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Information Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Information Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059252324","display_name":"Qingjiang Shi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0507-9080"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116953780","display_name":"Tongji University","ror":"https://ror.org/03rc6as71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qingjiang Shi","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5087431626"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.40291432,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"44","issue":null,"first_page":"2854","last_page":"2871"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10125","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Techniques","score":0.765500009059906,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10125","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Techniques","score":0.765500009059906,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.15109999477863312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11873","display_name":"PAPR reduction in OFDM","score":0.009700000286102295,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/carrier-frequency-offset","display_name":"Carrier frequency offset","score":0.6972000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synchronization","display_name":"Synchronization (alternating current)","score":0.647599995136261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/estimator","display_name":"Estimator","score":0.598800003528595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mimo","display_name":"MIMO","score":0.590499997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmission","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","score":0.5446000099182129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/narrowband","display_name":"Narrowband","score":0.5146999955177307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frequency-offset","display_name":"Frequency offset","score":0.48919999599456787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phase-noise","display_name":"Phase noise","score":0.4745999872684479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/base-station","display_name":"Base station","score":0.44749999046325684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.4074000120162964}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8115000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776108382","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25111451","display_name":"Carrier frequency offset","level":5,"score":0.6972000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778562939","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1298791","display_name":"Synchronization (alternating current)","level":3,"score":0.647599995136261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185429906","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1130160","display_name":"Estimator","level":2,"score":0.598800003528595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207987634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176862","display_name":"MIMO","level":3,"score":0.590499997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.5446000099182129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776096036","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1140483","display_name":"Narrowband","level":2,"score":0.5146999955177307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49319798","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5502874","display_name":"Frequency offset","level":4,"score":0.48919999599456787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89631360","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1428766","display_name":"Phase noise","level":2,"score":0.4745999872684479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.47189998626708984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68649174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1379116","display_name":"Base station","level":2,"score":0.44749999046325684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.4228000044822693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.4074000120162964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44280652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104837","display_name":"Phase (matter)","level":2,"score":0.40369999408721924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175291020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1156822","display_name":"Offset (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.3889999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3799999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167928553","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1376021","display_name":"Estimation theory","level":2,"score":0.36169999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40409654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q375889","display_name":"Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing","level":3,"score":0.3517000079154968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148063708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5072511","display_name":"Channel state information","level":3,"score":0.3409000039100647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19118579","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q786423","display_name":"Frequency domain","level":2,"score":0.30660000443458557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17877974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2375705","display_name":"Carrier recovery","level":4,"score":0.30550000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65165936","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q575784","display_name":"Baseband","level":3,"score":0.30219998955726624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137246740","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q583970","display_name":"Spectral efficiency","level":3,"score":0.2973000109195709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13944312","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7512748","display_name":"Signal-to-noise ratio (imaging)","level":2,"score":0.29490000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5297727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q786970","display_name":"Autocorrelation","level":2,"score":0.2946000099182129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138660444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5607897","display_name":"Telecommunications link","level":2,"score":0.2913999855518341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9936470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6510405","display_name":"Least-squares function approximation","level":3,"score":0.27810001373291016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.27549999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56296756","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840922","display_name":"Bit error rate","level":3,"score":0.2689000070095062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186378180","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4874866","display_name":"Phase-shift keying","level":4,"score":0.2628999948501587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197264572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2095206","display_name":"Pilot signal","level":3,"score":0.25450000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104267543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208163","display_name":"Signal processing","level":3,"score":0.25290000438690186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90652560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11091747","display_name":"Minimum mean square error","level":3,"score":0.25200000405311584}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jsac.2025.3645708","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsac.2025.3645708","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S90422530","display_name":"IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications","issn_l":"0733-8716","issn":["0733-8716","1558-0008"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3990962312","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62231019","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5047231983","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U25A20394","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6227176005","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"24DP1500704","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321885","funder_display_name":"Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7917459203","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62501424","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7996151553","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"24YL1901100","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321885","funder_display_name":"Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321885","display_name":"Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality","ror":"https://ror.org/03kt66j61"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Frequency":[0],"synchronization":[1],"and":[2,34,55,64,80,83,102,122],"reciprocity":[3],"calibration":[4],"across":[5,127],"base":[6],"stations":[7],"(BSs)":[8],"are":[9,22,123],"crucial":[10],"for":[11,53,138,175],"coherent":[12,88,176],"transmission":[13,177],"in":[14,66,106,125,163,178],"distributed":[15,179],"massive":[16],"multiple-input":[17],"multiple-output":[18],"(MIMO)":[19],"networks,":[20],"yet":[21],"often":[23],"disrupted":[24],"by":[25,38],"carrier":[26],"frequency":[27,40,108],"offsets":[28,36,85,105],"(CFOs)":[29],"from":[30],"distinct":[31],"BS":[32],"oscillators":[33],"phase":[35,56,84,104,157],"caused":[37],"radio":[39],"hardware":[41],"impairments.":[42],"Traditional":[43],"approaches":[44,148],"typically":[45],"employ":[46],"maximum":[47],"likelihood":[48],"or":[49],"least":[50],"squares":[51],"estimation":[52,60,147,159],"CFOs":[54,82,92],"offsets,":[57],"requiring":[58],"additional":[59],"of":[61,97,118,145,156,173],"inter-BS":[62,119],"channels":[63],"resulting":[65],"high":[67],"computational":[68,132],"costs.":[69],"This":[70],"paper":[71],"introduces":[72],"an":[73],"over-the-air":[74],"protocol,":[75],"named":[76],"Sync4CT,":[77,139],"which":[78],"estimates":[79,91],"compensates":[81],"to":[86],"enable":[87],"transmission.":[89],"Sync4CT":[90,174],"utilizing":[93],"the":[94,98,107,116,140,149,154,161,169],"autocorrelation":[95],"matrices":[96],"received":[99],"pilot":[100],"signals":[101],"assesses":[103],"domain.":[109],"Both":[110],"procedures":[111],"offer":[112],"closed-form":[113],"estimators":[114],"without":[115],"need":[117],"channel":[120],"estimation,":[121],"executed":[124],"parallel":[126],"BSs,":[128],"thereby":[129],"significantly":[130],"reducing":[131],"complexity.":[133],"Theoretical":[134],"analysis":[135],"shows":[136],"that,":[137],"mean":[141],"square":[142],"error":[143],"(MSE)":[144],"CFO":[146],"Cram\u00e9r-Rao":[150],"bound":[151],"(CRB),":[152],"while":[153],"MSE":[155],"offset":[158],"achieves":[160],"CRB":[162],"narrowband":[164],"systems.":[165],"Simulations":[166],"further":[167],"validate":[168],"substantial":[170],"performance":[171],"improvements":[172],"MIMO":[180],"networks.":[181]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2025-12-17T00:00:00"}