{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4401307380","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsac.2025.3642835","title":"The Energy Cost of Artificial Intelligence Lifecycle in Communication Networks","display_name":"The Energy Cost of Artificial Intelligence Lifecycle in Communication Networks","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-12-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4401307380","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsac.2025.3642835"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jsac.2025.3642835","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsac.2025.3642835","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S90422530","display_name":"IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications","issn_l":"0733-8716","issn":["0733-8716","1558-0008"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsac.2025.3642835","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5106276595","display_name":"Shih\u2013Kai Chou","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3006985408","display_name":"Jo\u017eef Stefan Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05060sz93","country_code":"SI","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3006985408"]}],"countries":["SI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shih-Kai Chou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9985-7340","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3006985408"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054993601","display_name":"Jernej Hribar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9446-7917"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3006985408","display_name":"Jo\u017eef Stefan Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05060sz93","country_code":"SI","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3006985408"]}],"countries":["SI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jernej Hribar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9446-7917","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3006985408"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Vid Han\u017eel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-9989-0136"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3006985408","display_name":"Jo\u017eef Stefan Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05060sz93","country_code":"SI","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3006985408"]}],"countries":["SI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vid Han\u017eel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-9989-0136","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3006985408"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058221981","display_name":"Mihael Mohor\u010di\u010d","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6379-3966"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3006985408","display_name":"Jo\u017eef Stefan Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05060sz93","country_code":"SI","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3006985408"]}],"countries":["SI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mihael Mohor\u010di\u010d","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6379-3966","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3006985408"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085365040","display_name":"Carolina Fortuna","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0547-3520"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3006985408","display_name":"Jo\u017eef Stefan Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05060sz93","country_code":"SI","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3006985408"]}],"countries":["SI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Carolina Fortuna","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0547-3520","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3006985408"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3006985408"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.793,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.6954233,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"44","issue":null,"first_page":"2427","last_page":"2443"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10763","display_name":"Digital Transformation in Industry","score":0.387800008058548,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10763","display_name":"Digital Transformation in Industry","score":0.387800008058548,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/system-lifecycle","display_name":"System lifecycle","score":0.4729076325893402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4347195327281952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/application-lifecycle-management","display_name":"Application lifecycle management","score":0.2135452926158905}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35280785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q559486","display_name":"System lifecycle","level":4,"score":0.4729076325893402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4347195327281952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30452754","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q621590","display_name":"Application lifecycle management","level":3,"score":0.2135452926158905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jsac.2025.3642835","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsac.2025.3642835","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S90422530","display_name":"IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications","issn_l":"0733-8716","issn":["0733-8716","1558-0008"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2408.00540","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2408.00540","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2408.00540","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2408.00540","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2408.00540","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jsac.2025.3642835","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsac.2025.3642835","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S90422530","display_name":"IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications","issn_l":"0733-8716","issn":["0733-8716","1558-0008"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1505076587","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MN-0009-106","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322554","funder_display_name":"Javna Agencija za Raziskovalno Dejavnost RS"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1770108265","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"P2-0016","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322554","funder_display_name":"Javna Agencija za Raziskovalno Dejavnost RS"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5007063513","display_name":"An Artificial Intelligent Aided Unified Network for Secure Beyond 5G Long Term Evolution","funder_award_id":"101096456","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6720805604","display_name":"Timeliness of Information in Smart Grids Networks","funder_award_id":"101063721","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338438","funder_display_name":"HORIZON EUROPE Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7492703590","display_name":"Timeliness of Information in Smart Grids Networks","funder_award_id":"101063721","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7954423636","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"101096456","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338448","funder_display_name":"HORIZON EUROPE European Innovation Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8083509137","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"J2-50071","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322554","funder_display_name":"Javna Agencija za Raziskovalno Dejavnost RS"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322554","display_name":"Javna Agencija za Raziskovalno Dejavnost RS","ror":"https://ror.org/059bp8k51"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338438","display_name":"HORIZON EUROPE Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338448","display_name":"HORIZON EUROPE European Innovation Council","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052","https://openalex.org/W2382290278","https://openalex.org/W4395014643"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Artificial":[0],"Intelligence":[1],"(AI)":[2],"is":[3,128,145,165],"being":[4],"incorporated":[5],"in":[6,14,23,76,95,109],"several":[7],"optimization,":[8],"scheduling,":[9],"orchestration":[10],"as":[11,13,123],"well":[12],"native":[15],"communication":[16,37,97],"network":[17,98],"functions.":[18],"This":[19],"paradigm":[20],"shift":[21],"results":[22],"increased":[24],"energy":[25,31,45,82,118,135,144,194],"consumption,":[26],"however,":[27],"quantifying":[28],"the":[29,65,81,85,102,141,192],"end-to-end":[30,193],"consumption":[32,46,83],"of":[33,68,72,90,104,151],"adding":[34],"intelligence":[35,94],"to":[36,184,190,205],"systems":[38],"remains":[39],"an":[40,73,91],"open":[41],"challenge":[42],"since":[43,140],"conventional":[44],"metrics":[47],"focus":[48],"on":[49],"either":[50],"communication,":[51],"computation":[52],"infrastructure,":[53],"or":[54],"model":[55,75,127],"development.":[56],"To":[57],"address":[58],"this,":[59],"we":[60,158,174],"propose":[61],"a":[62,77,96,124,148,154,177],"new":[63],"metric,":[64],"Energy":[66],"Cost":[67],"AI":[69,74,126],"Lifecycle":[70],"(eCAL)":[71],"system.":[78],"eCAL":[79,161],"captures":[80],"throughout":[84],"development,":[86],"deployment":[87],"and":[88,107,112,116,179,188,199],"utilization":[89],"AI-model":[92],"providing":[93],"by":[99],"(i)":[100],"analyzing":[101],"complexity":[103],"data":[105],"collection":[106],"manipulation":[108],"individual":[110],"components":[111],"(ii)":[113],"deriving":[114],"overall":[115],"per-bit":[117],"consumption.":[119],"We":[120],"show":[121,159],"that":[122,160],"trained":[125],"used":[129],"more":[130],"frequently":[131],"for":[132,162,170],"inference,":[133],"its":[134],"cost":[136,195],"per":[137],"inference":[138],"decreases,":[139],"fixed":[142],"training":[143],"amortized":[146],"over":[147],"growing":[149],"number":[150],"inferences.":[152,172],"For":[153],"simple":[155],"case":[156],"study":[157],"100":[163],"inferences":[164],"2.73":[166],"times":[167],"higher":[168],"than":[169],"1000":[171],"Additionally,":[173],"have":[175],"developed":[176],"modular":[178],"extendable":[180],"opensource":[181],"simulation":[182],"tool":[183],"enable":[185],"researchers,":[186],"practitioners,":[187],"engineers":[189],"calculate":[191],"with":[196],"various":[197,201],"configurations":[198],"across":[200],"systems,":[202],"ensuring":[203],"adaptability":[204],"diverse":[206],"use":[207],"cases.":[208]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-08T08:33:18.762332","created_date":"2024-08-04T00:00:00"}