{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4417131491","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsac.2025.3641581","title":"Channel-Agnostic Predictive Beamforming for Crowdsourced Bistatic Satellite ISAC With LLM","display_name":"Channel-Agnostic Predictive Beamforming for Crowdsourced Bistatic Satellite ISAC With LLM","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-12-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4417131491","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsac.2025.3641581"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jsac.2025.3641581","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsac.2025.3641581","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S90422530","display_name":"IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications","issn_l":"0733-8716","issn":["0733-8716","1558-0008"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5107079538","display_name":"William D. Lukito","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-9940-9955"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I196829312","display_name":"La Trobe University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxfrp27","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I196829312"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"William D. Lukito","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-9940-9955","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196829312"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100389005","display_name":"Wei Xiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0608-065X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I196829312","display_name":"La Trobe University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxfrp27","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I196829312"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Xiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0608-065X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196829312"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100353377","display_name":"Chang Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4959-7541"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I196829312","display_name":"La Trobe University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxfrp27","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I196829312"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chang Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4959-7541","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196829312"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067523098","display_name":"Phu Lai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8384-4780"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I196829312","display_name":"La Trobe University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxfrp27","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I196829312"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Phu Lai","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8384-4780","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196829312"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021052588","display_name":"Peng Cheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1091-7894"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I196829312","display_name":"La Trobe University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxfrp27","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I196829312"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peng Cheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1091-7894","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196829312"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011236120","display_name":"Weijie Yuan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2158-0046"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3045169105","display_name":"Southern University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/049tv2d57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3045169105"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weijie Yuan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2158-0046","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3045169105"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036000787","display_name":"Guoqiang Mao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3598-4949"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guoqiang Mao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Laboratory of Smart Driving and Intelligent Transportation Systems, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3598-4949","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Laboratory of Smart Driving and Intelligent Transportation Systems, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.44994339,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"44","issue":null,"first_page":"2348","last_page":"2364"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12042","display_name":"Satellite Communication Systems","score":0.22679999470710754,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12042","display_name":"Satellite Communication Systems","score":0.22679999470710754,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.13339999318122864,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10891","display_name":"Radar Systems and Signal Processing","score":0.1274999976158142,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beamforming","display_name":"Beamforming","score":0.8615999817848206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overhead","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","score":0.6646999716758728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.483599990606308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bistatic-radar","display_name":"Bistatic radar","score":0.43810001015663147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.41769999265670776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite","display_name":"Satellite","score":0.41110000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmission","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","score":0.36719998717308044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel-state-information","display_name":"Channel state information","score":0.35920000076293945}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8737000226974487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54197355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5782992","display_name":"Beamforming","level":2,"score":0.8615999817848206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.6646999716758728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.483599990606308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100102862","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625855","display_name":"Bistatic radar","level":4,"score":0.43810001015663147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.41940000653266907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.41769999265670776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.41110000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.36719998717308044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148063708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5072511","display_name":"Channel state information","level":3,"score":0.35920000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.3061000108718872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.29589998722076416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777735758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q817765","display_name":"Path (computing)","level":2,"score":0.28850001096725464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.28459998965263367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121308736","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q149918","display_name":"Communications satellite","level":3,"score":0.28119999170303345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59519942","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q650665","display_name":"Drone","level":2,"score":0.2759999930858612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.27000001072883606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139807058","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q352374","display_name":"Adaptation (eye)","level":2,"score":0.26750001311302185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.26600000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183365957","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17140402","display_name":"Remote sensing application","level":3,"score":0.2624000012874603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C557945733","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q389772","display_name":"Data transmission","level":2,"score":0.2597000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780980858","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q110022","display_name":"Dual (grammatical number)","level":2,"score":0.25380000472068787}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jsac.2025.3641581","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsac.2025.3641581","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S90422530","display_name":"IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications","issn_l":"0733-8716","issn":["0733-8716","1558-0008"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":53,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1518945650","https://openalex.org/W2059918983","https://openalex.org/W2165308503","https://openalex.org/W3006143078","https://openalex.org/W3037170119","https://openalex.org/W3130810271","https://openalex.org/W3155535021","https://openalex.org/W3169385106","https://openalex.org/W3180641418","https://openalex.org/W3193816080","https://openalex.org/W3194225147","https://openalex.org/W3194620979","https://openalex.org/W3210260041","https://openalex.org/W4206448558","https://openalex.org/W4224330107","https://openalex.org/W4226403506","https://openalex.org/W4285049557","https://openalex.org/W4295308199","https://openalex.org/W4322576964","https://openalex.org/W4362005642","https://openalex.org/W4376466507","https://openalex.org/W4392173790","https://openalex.org/W4392207863","https://openalex.org/W4392745233","https://openalex.org/W4392781946","https://openalex.org/W4394698465","https://openalex.org/W4396668654","https://openalex.org/W4399206021","https://openalex.org/W4399375519","https://openalex.org/W4400266743","https://openalex.org/W4401509551","https://openalex.org/W4401628481","https://openalex.org/W4401878796","https://openalex.org/W4401991295","https://openalex.org/W4402473949","https://openalex.org/W4402569092","https://openalex.org/W4402570079","https://openalex.org/W4403021935","https://openalex.org/W4403421120","https://openalex.org/W4404562740","https://openalex.org/W4405219933","https://openalex.org/W4405784845","https://openalex.org/W4406089676","https://openalex.org/W4406311637","https://openalex.org/W4407247163","https://openalex.org/W4407736569","https://openalex.org/W4408519728","https://openalex.org/W4409641057","https://openalex.org/W4411408736","https://openalex.org/W4413169625","https://openalex.org/W4413785653","https://openalex.org/W4414681764","https://openalex.org/W4416310693"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Integrated":[0],"sensing":[1,67,88,94,125],"and":[2,11,16,33,127,160],"communications":[3],"(ISAC)":[4],"systems":[5],"promise":[6],"dual":[7],"use":[8],"of":[9,36,77,108,122],"spectrum":[10],"hardware":[12],"for":[13,50,137,181],"data":[14,156],"transmission":[15],"environmental":[17],"awareness.":[18],"However,":[19],"extending":[20],"ISAC":[21,52],"to":[22,86,116,130,184,197],"satellite":[23,51],"networks":[24],"is":[25,176],"challenged":[26],"by":[27],"high":[28],"path":[29],"loss,":[30],"long":[31],"delays,":[32],"the":[34,109,123,135,150,161,165,173],"overhead":[35],"channel":[37,138],"estimation.":[38],"To":[39],"address":[40],"these":[41],"challenges,":[42],"we":[43],"propose":[44,97,143],"a":[45,55,65,83,98,106],"channel-agnostic":[46,110],"predictive":[47,111,185],"beamforming":[48,112,132,170,186],"framework":[49],"(S-ISAC)":[53],"within":[54],"crowdsourced":[56,84],"bistatic":[57,61],"architecture.":[58],"Unlike":[59],"conventional":[60],"architectures":[62],"that":[63,191],"require":[64],"dedicated":[66],"receiver,":[68],"our":[69],"design":[70],"aggregates":[71],"echoes":[72],"from":[73],"multiple":[74],"ground":[75],"internet":[76],"things":[78],"(IoT)":[79],"devices":[80],"(GIDs)":[81],"in":[82,147],"manner":[85],"improve":[87],"performance":[89,194],"without":[90,208],"introducing":[91],"any":[92],"additional":[93],"equipment.":[95],"We":[96,142],"model":[99],"termed":[100],"Historical":[101],"Geometric-based":[102],"LLM":[103,166,175],"(HG-LLM)":[104],"as":[105],"realization":[107],"framework.":[113],"HG-LLM":[114,192],"learns":[115],"map":[117],"historical":[118],"geometric":[119],"information":[120,140],"(HGI)":[121],"satellite,":[124],"target,":[126],"GIDs":[128],"directly":[129],"future":[131],"matrices,":[133],"eliminating":[134],"need":[136],"state":[139],"(CSI).":[141],"two":[144],"key":[145],"modules":[146],"HG-LLM,":[148],"namely,":[149],"Histogeometric":[151],"Encoder,":[152],"which":[153,163],"transforms":[154],"spatial-temporal":[155],"into":[157,168],"LLM-compatible":[158],"embeddings,":[159],"TokenBeamformer,":[162],"translates":[164],"outputs":[167],"optimized":[169],"weights.":[171],"Moreover,":[172],"backbone":[174],"fine-tuned":[177],"using":[178],"low-rank":[179],"adaptation":[180,183],"efficient":[182],"tasks.":[187],"Extensive":[188],"simulations":[189],"demonstrate":[190],"achieves":[193],"levels":[195],"comparable":[196],"channel-based":[198],"methods":[199],"across":[200],"diverse":[201],"settings,":[202],"despite":[203],"relying":[204],"solely":[205],"on":[206],"HGI":[207],"requiring":[209],"explicit":[210],"CSI.":[211]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-12-08T00:00:00"}
