{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4416650053","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsac.2025.3637016","title":"Covert Performance of Bidirectional Air\u2013Water Cross-Boundary Optical Wireless Communication Systems","display_name":"Covert Performance of Bidirectional Air\u2013Water Cross-Boundary Optical Wireless Communication Systems","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-11-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4416650053","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsac.2025.3637016"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jsac.2025.3637016","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsac.2025.3637016","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S90422530","display_name":"IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications","issn_l":"0733-8716","issn":["0733-8716","1558-0008"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063778987","display_name":"Qingqing Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5711-0409"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16365422","display_name":"Hefei University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02czkny70","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16365422"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qingqing Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5711-0409","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16365422"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100427431","display_name":"Bin Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3503-2291"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16365422","display_name":"Hefei University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02czkny70","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16365422"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bin Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3503-2291","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16365422"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100679028","display_name":"Chen Gong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7150-0024"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chen Gong","raw_affiliation_strings":["CAS Key Laboratory of Wireless-Optical Communications, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7150-0024","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CAS Key Laboratory of Wireless-Optical Communications, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018973008","display_name":"Murat Uysal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5945-0813"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I120250893","display_name":"New York University Abu Dhabi","ror":"https://ror.org/00e5k0821","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I120250893","https://openalex.org/I57206974"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57206974","display_name":"New York University","ror":"https://ror.org/0190ak572","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}],"countries":["AE","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Murat Uysal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Engineering Division, New York University Abu Dhabi (NYUAD), Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates","Engineering Division, New York University Abu Dhabi (NYUAD), Abu Dhabi, UAE"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5945-0813","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Engineering Division, New York University Abu Dhabi (NYUAD), Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I120250893"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Engineering Division, New York University Abu Dhabi (NYUAD), Abu Dhabi, UAE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.30165655,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"44","issue":null,"first_page":"1692","last_page":"1707"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10851","display_name":"Optical Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9631999731063843,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10851","display_name":"Optical Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9631999731063843,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10490","display_name":"Orbital Angular Momentum in Optics","score":0.010099999606609344,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.008299999870359898,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covert","display_name":"Covert","score":0.7293999791145325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmitter","display_name":"Transmitter","score":0.5824999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covert-channel","display_name":"Covert channel","score":0.5758000016212463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmission","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","score":0.5537999868392944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.5217000246047974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-communication","display_name":"Optical communication","score":0.5206999778747559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-wireless","display_name":"Optical wireless","score":0.4936000108718872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.4447000026702881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/underwater-acoustic-communication","display_name":"Underwater acoustic communication","score":0.37770000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/free-space-optical-communication","display_name":"Free-space optical communication","score":0.3736000061035156}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7425000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779338814","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5179285","display_name":"Covert","level":2,"score":0.7293999791145325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47798520","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190157","display_name":"Transmitter","level":3,"score":0.5824999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29024540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1476964","display_name":"Covert channel","level":5,"score":0.5758000016212463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.5537999868392944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.5217000246047974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129404179","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1469765","display_name":"Optical communication","level":2,"score":0.5206999778747559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781305180","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7098907","display_name":"Optical wireless","level":3,"score":0.4936000108718872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.4447000026702881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.38029998540878296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169111936","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q424098","display_name":"Underwater acoustic communication","level":3,"score":0.37770000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197000039","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2027432","display_name":"Free-space optical communication","level":3,"score":0.3736000061035156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.37290000915527344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157764524","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1383412","display_name":"Throughput","level":3,"score":0.3619000017642975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68649174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1379116","display_name":"Base station","level":2,"score":0.34850001335144043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101765175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q577764","display_name":"Communications system","level":2,"score":0.3434999883174896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107021485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18385577","display_name":"Optical wireless communications","level":4,"score":0.33410000801086426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19275194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q222903","display_name":"Multiplexing","level":2,"score":0.3107999861240387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779201187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2775060","display_name":"Information leakage","level":2,"score":0.30979999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108037233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11375","display_name":"Wireless network","level":3,"score":0.30480000376701355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123403432","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q654068","display_name":"Visibility","level":2,"score":0.30169999599456787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137270730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q120811","display_name":"Detection theory","level":3,"score":0.29679998755455017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13944312","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7512748","display_name":"Signal-to-noise ratio (imaging)","level":2,"score":0.29179999232292175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.28200000524520874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98083399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3246517","display_name":"Underwater","level":2,"score":0.2791999876499176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77553402","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13222579","display_name":"Upper and lower bounds","level":2,"score":0.2775999903678894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151857401","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q640621","display_name":"Optical engineering","level":2,"score":0.2752000093460083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160724564","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1620670","display_name":"Wavelength-division multiplexing","level":3,"score":0.2728999853134155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207390915","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1230525","display_name":"Divergence (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.26570001244544983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104267543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208163","display_name":"Signal processing","level":3,"score":0.257999986410141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97744766","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q870845","display_name":"Channel capacity","level":3,"score":0.25619998574256897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777042071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6509304","display_name":"Leakage (economics)","level":2,"score":0.25290000438690186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41065033","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2825412","display_name":"Adversary","level":2,"score":0.251800000667572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154238967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12870","display_name":"Explosive material","level":2,"score":0.2515999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.25040000677108765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C557945733","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q389772","display_name":"Data transmission","level":2,"score":0.25029999017715454}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jsac.2025.3637016","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsac.2025.3637016","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S90422530","display_name":"IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications","issn_l":"0733-8716","issn":["0733-8716","1558-0008"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1399229472","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62171428","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2633094300","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"JZ2025HGTA0158","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4157990628","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2508085J041","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334897","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Anhui Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4178900400","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62501223","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4696841921","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62571176","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7027750304","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62171175","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334897","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Anhui Province","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":50,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W951725664","https://openalex.org/W1531218190","https://openalex.org/W1982766015","https://openalex.org/W2084796966","https://openalex.org/W2098346479","https://openalex.org/W2099111195","https://openalex.org/W2103791047","https://openalex.org/W2133509944","https://openalex.org/W2150353524","https://openalex.org/W2166828385","https://openalex.org/W2511419557","https://openalex.org/W2607000399","https://openalex.org/W2627314616","https://openalex.org/W2846127207","https://openalex.org/W2954296502","https://openalex.org/W2963381616","https://openalex.org/W2971318099","https://openalex.org/W2981004606","https://openalex.org/W3005690054","https://openalex.org/W3081524296","https://openalex.org/W3090670526","https://openalex.org/W3092473865","https://openalex.org/W3104101844","https://openalex.org/W3120724295","https://openalex.org/W3122007543","https://openalex.org/W3126801896","https://openalex.org/W3134524298","https://openalex.org/W3212225542","https://openalex.org/W4206769137","https://openalex.org/W4210572675","https://openalex.org/W4226217885","https://openalex.org/W4229073239","https://openalex.org/W4288048637","https://openalex.org/W4289261044","https://openalex.org/W4299908858","https://openalex.org/W4313536133","https://openalex.org/W4313886532","https://openalex.org/W4387870186","https://openalex.org/W4389204651","https://openalex.org/W4392904071","https://openalex.org/W4392910487","https://openalex.org/W4399168573","https://openalex.org/W4399206045","https://openalex.org/W4399344751","https://openalex.org/W4399885692","https://openalex.org/W4401327162","https://openalex.org/W4401879368","https://openalex.org/W4401990152","https://openalex.org/W4402731658","https://openalex.org/W4403721903"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Optical":[0],"wireless":[1],"communication":[2,87,247],"(OWC)":[3],"has":[4],"been":[5],"recognized":[6],"as":[7],"a":[8,90,95],"promising":[9],"solution":[10],"for":[11,75],"establishing":[12],"high-speed,":[13],"low-latency":[14],"data":[15],"connectivity":[16],"between":[17,89],"air":[18],"and":[19,33,86,94,108,126,129,147,155,172,180,204,222,234,243],"water.":[20],"During":[21],"the":[22,43,51,59,69,76,81,99,104,115,135,174,195,205],"propagation":[23],"of":[24,45,62,71,118,138,166],"optical":[25,175],"beams":[26],"across":[27],"dynamic":[28,122],"water":[29],"surfaces,":[30],"random":[31],"scattering":[32],"refraction":[34],"can":[35,184,191],"result":[36],"in":[37,211,219],"information":[38],"leakage":[39],"issues,":[40],"significantly":[41],"increasing":[42],"probability":[44,107,201],"an":[46],"adversary":[47],"listener":[48],"(Willie)":[49],"detecting":[50],"signal":[52],"transmission.":[53],"In":[54],"this":[55],"paper,":[56],"we":[57],"investigate":[58],"covert":[60,100,109,139,207,215,231],"performance":[61,101,140,165],"bidirectional":[63],"air-water":[64],"cross-boundary":[65],"OWC":[66],"systems":[67],"under":[68,121],"detection":[70,82,164,187],"arbitrary":[72],"underwater/aerial":[73],"Willie":[74,85,167],"first":[77],"time.":[78],"To":[79],"characterize":[80],"accuracy":[83],"at":[84,169],"quality":[88],"legitimate":[91,96],"transmitter":[92],"(Alice)":[93],"receiver":[97],"(Bob),":[98],"metrics":[102,141],"including":[103],"covertness":[105,199],"outage":[106,200],"throughput":[110,208],"are":[111,237],"computed":[112],"based":[113],"on":[114,163,198],"theoretical":[116],"derivations":[117],"channel":[119],"gain":[120],"wave,":[123],"surface":[124],"refraction,":[125],"particle":[127],"absorption":[128],"scattering.":[130],"The":[131],"numerical":[132],"simulation":[133],"reveals":[134],"variation":[136],"patterns":[137],"with":[142],"respect":[143],"to":[144,239,245],"multiple":[145],"environmental":[146],"system":[148,235],"parameters,":[149],"which":[150,228],"shows":[151],"that":[152,194,230],"wave":[153],"intensity":[154],"transmitted":[156],"beam\u2019s":[157],"divergence":[158],"angle":[159],"have":[160],"opposite":[161],"effects":[162],"locating":[168],"different":[170],"positions,":[171],"both":[173,220],"wavelength":[176],"beyond":[177],"blue-green":[178],"band":[179],"strong":[181],"ambient":[182],"light":[183],"increase":[185],"Willie\u2019s":[186],"uncertainty.":[188],"Furthermore,":[189],"it":[190],"be":[192,240],"seen":[193],"upper":[196],"bound":[197],"reaches":[202],"1":[203],"achievable":[206],"approaches":[209],"0":[210],"some":[212],"cases,":[213],"while":[214],"threat":[216],"regions":[217],"exist":[218],"atmospheric":[221],"underwater":[223],"areas":[224],"within":[225],"several":[226],"meters,":[227],"indicates":[229],"transmission":[232],"strategy":[233],"parameters":[236],"required":[238],"further":[241],"designed":[242],"optimized":[244],"enhance":[246],"security.":[248]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-02-19T06:27:42.648592","created_date":"2025-11-25T00:00:00"}
