{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4416214945","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsac.2025.3632097","title":"Fluid Antenna Systems: Redefining Reconfigurable Wireless Communications","display_name":"Fluid Antenna Systems: Redefining Reconfigurable Wireless Communications","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-11-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4416214945","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsac.2025.3632097"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jsac.2025.3632097","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsac.2025.3632097","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S90422530","display_name":"IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications","issn_l":"0733-8716","issn":["0733-8716","1558-0008"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056936359","display_name":"Wee Kiat New","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8810-7763"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Wee Kiat New","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University College London, London, U.K","Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University College London, London, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011048761","display_name":"Kai\u2010Kit Wong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7521-0078"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kai-Kit Wong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University College London, London, U.K","Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University College London, London, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100407081","display_name":"Chao Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0187-6453"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chao Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Integrated Service Networks Laboratory, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","Integrated Service Networks Lab, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Integrated Service Networks Laboratory, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Integrated Service Networks Lab, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079863632","display_name":"Chan\u2010Byoung Chae","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9561-3341"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193775966","display_name":"Yonsei University","ror":"https://ror.org/01wjejq96","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193775966"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chan-Byoung Chae","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Integrated Technology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Integrated Technology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193775966"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004541948","display_name":"Ross Murch","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2527-7693"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","display_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q4vv597","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137766","display_name":"Institute for Advanced Study","ror":"https://ror.org/03xg85719","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210137766"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I889458895","display_name":"University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/02zhqgq86","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}],"countries":["DE","HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ross Murch","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering and the Institute for Advanced Study (IAS), The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, SAR, China","Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Institute for Advanced Study (IAS), Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, SAR, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering and the Institute for Advanced Study (IAS), The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, SAR, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079","https://openalex.org/I889458895"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Institute for Advanced Study (IAS), Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, SAR, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079","https://openalex.org/I4210137766","https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089039918","display_name":"Hamid Jafarkhani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6838-8038"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204250578","display_name":"University of California, Irvine","ror":"https://ror.org/04gyf1771","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hamid Jafarkhani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA","Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111385619","display_name":"Yang Hao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9949-7226"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166337079","display_name":"Queen Mary University of London","ror":"https://ror.org/026zzn846","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I166337079"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang Hao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Engineering and Computer Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, U.K","School of Electronic Engineering and Computer Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Engineering and Computer Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166337079"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Engineering and Computer Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166337079"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":6,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5056936359"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.8261,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9155072,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"44","issue":null,"first_page":"1013","last_page":"1044"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.8043000102043152,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.8043000102043152,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11946","display_name":"Antenna Design and Optimization","score":0.03889999911189079,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11392","display_name":"Energy Harvesting in Wireless Networks","score":0.027799999341368675,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reconfigurability","display_name":"Reconfigurability","score":0.958899974822998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.5841000080108643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.4821000099182129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antenna","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","score":0.4593999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mimo","display_name":"MIMO","score":0.4399000108242035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-antenna","display_name":"Smart antenna","score":0.43299999833106995}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780149590","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7302742","display_name":"Reconfigurability","level":2,"score":0.958899974822998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7817000150680542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.5841000080108643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.4821000099182129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21822782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131214","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","level":2,"score":0.4593999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207987634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176862","display_name":"MIMO","level":3,"score":0.4399000108242035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143635782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1187868","display_name":"Smart antenna","level":4,"score":0.43299999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108037233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11375","display_name":"Wireless network","level":3,"score":0.4309000074863434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118524514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212","display_name":"Computer architecture","level":1,"score":0.430400013923645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131369404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7554278","display_name":"Reconfigurable antenna","level":5,"score":0.4187000095844269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.34279999136924744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.3003999888896942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.288100004196167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.27000001072883606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.25949999690055847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85884896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7574075","display_name":"Spatial multiplexing","level":4,"score":0.2549000084400177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.2506999969482422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.2506999969482422}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jsac.2025.3632097","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsac.2025.3632097","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S90422530","display_name":"IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications","issn_l":"0733-8716","issn":["0733-8716","1558-0008"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.hkust.edu.hk:1783.1-167057","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://repository.hkust.edu.hk/ir/Record/1783.1-167057","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401796","display_name":"Rare & Special e-Zone (The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","host_organization_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.ucl.ac.uk.OAI2:10218467","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10218467/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400024","display_name":"UCL Discovery (University College London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","host_organization_name":"University College London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications       (2025)     (In press).","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Sixth-generation":[0],"(6G)":[1],"networks":[2,222],"are":[3],"rapidly":[4],"becoming":[5],"a":[6,86,108,159,236],"focal":[7],"point":[8],"of":[9,89,162,174,239],"global":[10],"technological":[11],"innovation,":[12],"driven":[13],"by":[14],"the":[15,93,100,172],"need":[16],"to":[17,56,62,140,189],"support":[18],"hyper-reliable,":[19],"low-latency,":[20],"and":[21,33,72,117,134,168,178,200,209,226,229,242],"intelligent":[22,218],"connectivity":[23],"for":[24,246],"applications":[25],"such":[26,194],"as":[27,85,107,141,195],"immersive":[28],"extended":[29],"reality,":[30],"autonomous":[31],"systems,":[32],"ubiquitous":[34],"sensing.":[35],"While":[36,147],"6G":[37,214],"promises":[38],"transformative":[39],"advancements":[40],"in":[41,113,181,249],"wireless":[42,183,251],"communication,":[43],"achieving":[44],"its":[45],"ambitious":[46],"goals":[47],"poses":[48],"significant":[49],"fundamental":[50],"challenges.":[51],"One":[52],"natural":[53],"direction":[54],"is":[55],"scale":[57],"multiple-input":[58],"multiple-output":[59],"(MIMO)":[60],"technology":[61],"unprecedented":[63],"levels;":[64],"however,":[65],"doing":[66],"so":[67],"introduces":[68,158],"substantial":[69],"hardware":[70],"complexity":[71],"power":[73],"consumption.":[74],"To":[75],"overcome":[76],"these":[77,98],"limitations,":[78],"recent":[79],"research":[80,248],"has":[81,105,122,150],"explored":[82],"antenna":[83,102,136,144],"reconfigurability":[84,112],"novel":[87],"degree":[88],"freedom":[90],"(DoF)":[91],"at":[92],"physical":[94,118],"(PHY)":[95],"layer.":[96],"Among":[97],"efforts,":[99],"fluid":[101],"system":[103],"(FAS)":[104],"emerged":[106],"compelling":[109],"concept,":[110],"offering":[111],"both":[114,166],"spatial":[115,154],"positioning":[116],"structure.":[119],"This":[120,233],"idea":[121],"inspired":[123],"related":[124],"innovations,":[125],"including":[126,216],"movable":[127],"antennas,":[128],"flexible-position":[129],"MIMO,":[130],"reconfigurable":[131,143,217,250],"MIMO":[132],"architectures,":[133],"adaptive":[135],"arrays,":[137],"collectively":[138],"referred":[139],"next-generation":[142],"(NGRA)":[145],"systems.":[146,184],"prior":[148],"work":[149],"primarily":[151],"focused":[152],"on":[153],"flexibility,":[155],"this":[156],"article":[157],"generalized":[160],"model":[161],"FAS":[163],"that":[164],"incorporates":[165],"structural":[167],"morphological":[169],"fluidity,":[170],"enabling":[171],"vision":[173],"\u201c<italic":[175],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[176],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">shapeless":[177],"formless</i>\u201d":[179],"antennas":[180],"future":[182,247],"We":[185],"analyze":[186],"FAS\u2019s":[187],"potential":[188],"enhance":[190],"key":[191,213],"performance":[192],"metrics":[193],"coverage,":[196],"energy":[197],"efficiency,":[198],"reliability,":[199],"spectral":[201],"capacity.":[202],"In":[203],"addition,":[204],"we":[205],"outline":[206],"implementation":[207],"challenges":[208],"explore":[210],"synergies":[211],"with":[212],"enablers,":[215],"surfaces":[219],"(RIS),":[220],"non-terrestrial":[221],"(NTN),":[223],"integrated":[224],"sensing":[225],"communication":[227],"(ISAC),":[228],"artificial":[230],"intelligence":[231],"(AI).":[232],"survey":[234],"provides":[235],"comprehensive":[237],"overview":[238],"NGRA":[240],"systems":[241],"identifies":[243],"promising":[244],"directions":[245],"technologies.":[252]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-04-07T14:57:38.498316","created_date":"2025-11-14T00:00:00"}