{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4414647203","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsac.2025.3616068","title":"Fluid Antenna-Assisted Rectangular Differential Index Modulation: A Non-Coherent System Design, Optimization, and Performance Analysis","display_name":"Fluid Antenna-Assisted Rectangular Differential Index Modulation: A Non-Coherent System Design, Optimization, and Performance Analysis","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-09-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4414647203","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsac.2025.3616068"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jsac.2025.3616068","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsac.2025.3616068","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S90422530","display_name":"IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications","issn_l":"0733-8716","issn":["0733-8716","1558-0008"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092007857","display_name":"Peng Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1474-4388"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peng Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory, Frontiers Science Center for Mobile Information Communication and Security, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","Frontiers Science Center for Mobile Information Communication and Security, National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory, Southeast University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1474-4388","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory, Frontiers Science Center for Mobile Information Communication and Security, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Frontiers Science Center for Mobile Information Communication and Security, National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056446385","display_name":"Jian Dang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4199-9645"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jian Dang","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory, Frontiers Science Center for Mobile Information Communication and Security, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","Frontiers Science Center for Mobile Information Communication and Security, National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory, Southeast University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4199-9645","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory, Frontiers Science Center for Mobile Information Communication and Security, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Frontiers Science Center for Mobile Information Communication and Security, National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065457510","display_name":"Miaowen Wen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9638-7048"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90610280","display_name":"South China University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0530pts50","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Miaowen Wen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic and Information Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9638-7048","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027587940","display_name":"Zaichen Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4301-8713"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zaichen Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory, Frontiers Science Center for Mobile Information Communication and Security, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","Frontiers Science Center for Mobile Information Communication and Security, National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory, Southeast University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4301-8713","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory, Frontiers Science Center for Mobile Information Communication and Security, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Frontiers Science Center for Mobile Information Communication and Security, National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044817346","display_name":"Liang Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9054-0155"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liang Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory, Frontiers Science Center for Mobile Information Communication and Security, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","Frontiers Science Center for Mobile Information Communication and Security, National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory, Southeast University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9054-0155","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory, Frontiers Science Center for Mobile Information Communication and Security, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Frontiers Science Center for Mobile Information Communication and Security, National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021827481","display_name":"Yudong Yao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3868-0593"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108468826","display_name":"Stevens Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02z43xh36","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108468826"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yudong Yao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3868-0593","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108468826"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.8173,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94070915,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"44","issue":null,"first_page":"1307","last_page":"1321"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10069","display_name":"Antenna Design and Analysis","score":0.9560999870300293,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10069","display_name":"Antenna Design and Analysis","score":0.9560999870300293,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bit-error-rate","display_name":"Bit error rate","score":0.5795999765396118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel-state-information","display_name":"Channel state information","score":0.5723000168800354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modulation","display_name":"Modulation (music)","score":0.5512999892234802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.510200023651123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gradient-descent","display_name":"Gradient descent","score":0.4867999851703644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hamming-code","display_name":"Hamming code","score":0.4690000116825104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spectral-efficiency","display_name":"Spectral efficiency","score":0.46639999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/differential","display_name":"Differential (mechanical device)","score":0.4555000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mimo","display_name":"MIMO","score":0.4535999894142151}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6690000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.6252999901771545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56296756","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840922","display_name":"Bit error rate","level":3,"score":0.5795999765396118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148063708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5072511","display_name":"Channel state information","level":3,"score":0.5723000168800354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123079801","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750240","display_name":"Modulation (music)","level":2,"score":0.5512999892234802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.510200023651123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153258448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1199743","display_name":"Gradient descent","level":3,"score":0.4867999851703644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73150493","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853922","display_name":"Hamming code","level":4,"score":0.4690000116825104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137246740","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q583970","display_name":"Spectral efficiency","level":3,"score":0.46639999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93226319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193137","display_name":"Differential (mechanical device)","level":2,"score":0.4555000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207987634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176862","display_name":"MIMO","level":3,"score":0.4535999894142151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164226766","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7293202","display_name":"Rank (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.4203000068664551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193319292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q272172","display_name":"Hamming distance","level":2,"score":0.39100000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90559484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q778379","display_name":"Expression (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.38920000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184720557","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7825049","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","level":2,"score":0.38589999079704285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179799912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205084","display_name":"Computational complexity theory","level":2,"score":0.37700000405311584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13944312","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7512748","display_name":"Signal-to-noise ratio (imaging)","level":2,"score":0.3562999963760376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776635522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11883093","display_name":"Modulation index","level":4,"score":0.3197999894618988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.30809998512268066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2944999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103088060","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062839","display_name":"Error detection and correction","level":2,"score":0.2863999903202057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.27889999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40409654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q375889","display_name":"Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing","level":3,"score":0.2687999904155731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186378180","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4874866","display_name":"Phase-shift keying","level":4,"score":0.26350000500679016}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jsac.2025.3616068","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsac.2025.3616068","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S90422530","display_name":"IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications","issn_l":"0733-8716","issn":["0733-8716","1558-0008"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6550258529","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61971136","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":52,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2038619638","https://openalex.org/W2131195138","https://openalex.org/W2157506678","https://openalex.org/W2256638885","https://openalex.org/W2331606061","https://openalex.org/W2582220099","https://openalex.org/W3005347223","https://openalex.org/W3039758053","https://openalex.org/W3082518973","https://openalex.org/W3094428664","https://openalex.org/W3107232831","https://openalex.org/W3204060695","https://openalex.org/W4206671696","https://openalex.org/W4225335693","https://openalex.org/W4243696438","https://openalex.org/W4256217385","https://openalex.org/W4311222733","https://openalex.org/W4313122026","https://openalex.org/W4361801470","https://openalex.org/W4362653158","https://openalex.org/W4366957370","https://openalex.org/W4378804625","https://openalex.org/W4379106526","https://openalex.org/W4388426451","https://openalex.org/W4389169626","https://openalex.org/W4389352528","https://openalex.org/W4389961152","https://openalex.org/W4391341366","https://openalex.org/W4391807479","https://openalex.org/W4391936067","https://openalex.org/W4393864555","https://openalex.org/W4396877750","https://openalex.org/W4399342858","https://openalex.org/W4400033319","https://openalex.org/W4400230216","https://openalex.org/W4401907666","https://openalex.org/W4402216167","https://openalex.org/W4402830179","https://openalex.org/W4403021850","https://openalex.org/W4403210464","https://openalex.org/W4404410614","https://openalex.org/W4404955305","https://openalex.org/W4405270090","https://openalex.org/W4405934672","https://openalex.org/W4406354720","https://openalex.org/W4406457508","https://openalex.org/W4406610548","https://openalex.org/W4407781982","https://openalex.org/W4410228135","https://openalex.org/W4410394647","https://openalex.org/W4410852773","https://openalex.org/W4412748002"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Fluid":[0],"antenna-enabled":[1],"multiple-input":[2],"multiple-output":[3],"(FA-MIMO)":[4],"systems":[5],"hold":[6],"significant":[7],"application":[8],"potential;":[9],"however,":[10],"they":[11],"also":[12],"introduce":[13],"substantial":[14],"costs":[15],"in":[16,159],"channel":[17,152],"state":[18],"information":[19,57],"(CSI)":[20],"acquisition.":[21],"In":[22],"this":[23],"paper,":[24],"we":[25],"propose":[26],"a":[27,92,140,156],"novel":[28],"FA-assisted":[29],"rectangular":[30],"differential":[31],"index":[32],"modulation":[33,61,148],"(FA-RDIM)":[34],"scheme":[35,138],"for":[36,86,95],"MIMO":[37],"systems,":[38],"aiming":[39],"to":[40,60,125,145],"achieve":[41],"high":[42],"spectral":[43],"efficiency":[44],"while":[45,154],"addressing":[46],"the":[47,50,82,96,127,136],"problem":[48],"of":[49,66],"increased":[51],"CSI":[52],"acquisition":[53],"cost.":[54],"The":[55],"transmitted":[56],"is":[58,74],"mapped":[59],"symbols":[62],"and":[63,106,114,121],"cyclic":[64],"shifts":[65],"FA":[67,87,128],"pattern":[68,88,129],"indices.":[69,89],"A":[70],"multi-stage":[71],"detection":[72],"method":[73],"introduced,":[75],"which":[76],"reduces":[77],"computational":[78],"complexity":[79],"by":[80],"identifying":[81],"most":[83],"likely":[84],"candidates":[85],"We":[90],"derive":[91],"closed-form":[93],"expression":[94],"bit":[97],"error":[98,104],"rate":[99],"(BER)":[100],"theoretical":[101],"performance":[102,142,157],"considering":[103],"propagation,":[105],"present":[107],"an":[108],"optimization":[109],"algorithm":[110],"based":[111],"on":[112],"rank":[113],"determinant":[115],"criterion":[116],"(RDC),":[117],"Hamming":[118],"distance":[119],"(HD),":[120],"gradient":[122],"descent":[123],"(GD)":[124],"optimize":[126],"vector":[130],"set.":[131],"Simulation":[132],"results":[133],"demonstrate":[134],"that":[135],"proposed":[137],"exhibits":[139],"minimal":[141],"loss":[143],"compared":[144],"conventional":[146],"coherent":[147],"schemes":[149],"under":[150],"static":[151],"conditions,":[153],"offering":[155],"advantage":[158],"time-varying":[160],"channels":[161],"with":[162],"outdated":[163],"CSI.":[164]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-17T08:01:34.144755","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
