{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7083700286","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsac.2025.3615171","title":"Fluid Antenna Multiple Access for HF Skywave Communications","display_name":"Fluid Antenna Multiple Access for HF Skywave Communications","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-09-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7083700286","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsac.2025.3615171"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jsac.2025.3615171","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsac.2025.3615171","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S90422530","display_name":"IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications","issn_l":"0733-8716","issn":["0733-8716","1558-0008"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Yan Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1069-1349"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210163363","display_name":"PLA Army Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/05mgp8x93","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210163363"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yan Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Communications Engineering, Army Engineering University of PLA, Nanjing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Communications Engineering, Army Engineering University of PLA, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210163363"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Yitao Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1607-6128"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210163363","display_name":"PLA Army Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/05mgp8x93","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210163363"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yitao Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Communications Engineering, Army Engineering University of PLA, Nanjing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Communications Engineering, Army Engineering University of PLA, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210163363"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Qiaoyu Tian","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210163363","display_name":"PLA Army Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/05mgp8x93","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210163363"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qiaoyu Tian","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Communications Engineering, Army Engineering University of PLA, Nanjing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Communications Engineering, Army Engineering University of PLA, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210163363"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Haichao Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6551-908X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210163363","display_name":"PLA Army Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/05mgp8x93","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210163363"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haichao Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Communications Engineering, Army Engineering University of PLA, Nanjing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Communications Engineering, Army Engineering University of PLA, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210163363"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Jiangchun Gu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9990-9737"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210163363","display_name":"PLA Army Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/05mgp8x93","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210163363"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiangchun Gu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Communications Engineering, Army Engineering University of PLA, Nanjing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Communications Engineering, Army Engineering University of PLA, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210163363"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Guofeng Wei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5590-9946"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210163363","display_name":"PLA Army Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/05mgp8x93","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210163363"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guofeng Wei","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Communications Engineering, Army Engineering University of PLA, Nanjing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Communications Engineering, Army Engineering University of PLA, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210163363"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Guoru Ding","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1780-2547"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210163363","display_name":"PLA Army Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/05mgp8x93","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210163363"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guoru Ding","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Communications Engineering, Army Engineering University of PLA, Nanjing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Communications Engineering, Army Engineering University of PLA, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210163363"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210163363"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.9698,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95989172,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"44","issue":null,"first_page":"1144","last_page":"1159"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":true,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12157","display_name":"Geochemistry and Geologic Mapping","score":0.6880000233650208,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12157","display_name":"Geochemistry and Geologic Mapping","score":0.6880000233650208,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13067","display_name":"Geological Modeling and Analysis","score":0.021400000900030136,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1906","display_name":"Geochemistry and Petrology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14311","display_name":"Electrical and Electromagnetic Research","score":0.01850000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/base-station","display_name":"Base station","score":0.5503000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antenna","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","score":0.5426999926567078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interference","display_name":"Interference (communication)","score":0.5414000153541565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/skywave","display_name":"Skywave","score":0.5392000079154968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","score":0.511900007724762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/outage-probability","display_name":"Outage probability","score":0.4887000024318695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.46000000834465027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.44679999351501465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/single-antenna-interference-cancellation","display_name":"Single antenna interference cancellation","score":0.364300012588501}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8348000049591064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68649174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1379116","display_name":"Base station","level":2,"score":0.5503000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21822782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131214","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","level":2,"score":0.5426999926567078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32022120","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q797225","display_name":"Interference (communication)","level":3,"score":0.5414000153541565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45860500","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1639901","display_name":"Skywave","level":3,"score":0.5392000079154968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.511900007724762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778258436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30672262","display_name":"Outage probability","level":4,"score":0.4887000024318695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.46000000834465027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.44679999351501465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.4180999994277954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83204339","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7523915","display_name":"Single antenna interference cancellation","level":3,"score":0.364300012588501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.33730000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49362268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15115271","display_name":"High frequency","level":3,"score":0.31869998574256897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101765175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q577764","display_name":"Communications system","level":2,"score":0.31520000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780609101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17156588","display_name":"Resource management (computing)","level":2,"score":0.3089999854564667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.29760000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108037233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11375","display_name":"Wireless network","level":3,"score":0.29510000348091125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94137725","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1509342","display_name":"Link budget","level":3,"score":0.2851000130176544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29202148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287260","display_name":"Resource allocation","level":2,"score":0.2806999981403351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.27880001068115234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62191587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4771249","display_name":"Antenna array","level":3,"score":0.2759999930858612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13944312","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7512748","display_name":"Signal-to-noise ratio (imaging)","level":2,"score":0.2728999853134155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81917197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628760","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","level":2,"score":0.2687999904155731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781327853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3552547","display_name":"User equipment","level":3,"score":0.26440000534057617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107645828","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12070446","display_name":"System model","level":2,"score":0.26159998774528503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206345919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20380951","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","level":2,"score":0.25609999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40409654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q375889","display_name":"Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing","level":3,"score":0.25110000371932983}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jsac.2025.3615171","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsac.2025.3615171","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S90422530","display_name":"IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications","issn_l":"0733-8716","issn":["0733-8716","1558-0008"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7200959920883179,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2108380476","https://openalex.org/W2108416694","https://openalex.org/W2119979564","https://openalex.org/W2141072548","https://openalex.org/W2504006436","https://openalex.org/W2889865670","https://openalex.org/W2890355180","https://openalex.org/W2933428627","https://openalex.org/W3011913638","https://openalex.org/W3093589595","https://openalex.org/W3107232831","https://openalex.org/W3119897449","https://openalex.org/W3128776128","https://openalex.org/W3182970290","https://openalex.org/W3199287286","https://openalex.org/W3203990294","https://openalex.org/W4206671696","https://openalex.org/W4213019392","https://openalex.org/W4220978974","https://openalex.org/W4285151513","https://openalex.org/W4313151519","https://openalex.org/W4323896643","https://openalex.org/W4376455229","https://openalex.org/W4388073421","https://openalex.org/W4388469805","https://openalex.org/W4389610245","https://openalex.org/W4392902488","https://openalex.org/W4401325875","https://openalex.org/W4402125566","https://openalex.org/W4402435426","https://openalex.org/W4403635874","https://openalex.org/W4403977088","https://openalex.org/W4405520504"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"High":[0],"Frequency":[1],"(HF)":[2],"communication,":[3,18],"operating":[4,168],"within":[5],"the":[6,39,54,63,103,163],"3":[7],"to":[8,47,61,138],"30":[9],"MHz":[10],"range,":[11],"has":[12],"been":[13],"pivotal":[14],"for":[15,91],"long-distance":[16],"wireless":[17],"especially":[19],"in":[20],"scenarios":[21],"where":[22],"infrastructure":[23],"(such":[24],"as":[25],"satelittes":[26],"or":[27,32],"base":[28],"stations)":[29],"are":[30],"limited":[31],"unavailable":[33],"and":[34,79,97,108,128,158],"beyond-line-of-sight.":[35],"This":[36],"paper":[37],"investigates":[38],"potential":[40],"of":[41,57,105],"fluid":[42,58],"antenna":[43,59],"multiple":[44],"access":[45],"(FAMA)":[46],"enhance":[48],"HF":[49],"communication":[50],"performance":[51,141],"by":[52,161],"leveraging":[53],"dynamic":[55],"nature":[56],"systems":[60],"match":[62],"time-varying":[64],"ionospheric":[65,80],"channel.":[66],"We":[67],"first":[68],"establish":[69],"a":[70,134],"comprehensive":[71],"system":[72,140,156],"model":[73],"that":[74,149],"incorporates":[75],"both":[76,95],"spatial":[77,129],"block-correlation":[78],"propagation":[81],"characteristics.":[82],"Based":[83],"on":[84,120],"this":[85],"model,":[86],"we":[87,112,132],"derive":[88],"closed-form":[89],"expressions":[90],"outage":[92,164],"probability":[93,165],"under":[94,166],"high":[96],"low":[98],"SNR":[99],"scenarios.":[100],"To":[101],"address":[102],"challenges":[104],"user":[106,116],"interference":[107],"frequency":[109,135],"resource":[110,159],"allocation,":[111],"propose":[113],"an":[114],"efficient":[115],"grouping":[117],"algorithm":[118],"based":[119],"K-means":[121],"clustering,":[122],"which":[123],"considers":[124],"users\u2019":[125],"channel":[126],"characteristics":[127],"distribution.":[130],"Furthermore,":[131],"develop":[133],"selection":[136],"strategy":[137],"optimize":[139],"while":[142],"minimizing":[143],"inter-group":[144],"interference.":[145],"Numerical":[146],"simulations":[147],"demonstrate":[148],"our":[150],"proposed":[151],"FAMA":[152],"scheme":[153],"significantly":[154],"improves":[155],"reliability":[157],"utilization":[160],"reducing":[162],"typical":[167],"conditions.":[169]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}