{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4402473922","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsac.2024.3459073","title":"Cost-Efficient Computation Offloading in SAGIN: A Deep Reinforcement Learning and Perception-Aided Approach","display_name":"Cost-Efficient Computation Offloading in SAGIN: A Deep Reinforcement Learning and Perception-Aided Approach","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-09-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4402473922","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsac.2024.3459073"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jsac.2024.3459073","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsac.2024.3459073","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S90422530","display_name":"IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications","issn_l":"0733-8716","issn":["0733-8716","1558-0008"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064281156","display_name":"Yulan Gao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5893-7985"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yulan Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computing and Data Science, Nanyang Technological University, Jurong West, Singapore","College of Computing and Data Science, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5893-7985","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computing and Data Science, Nanyang Technological University, Jurong West, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computing and Data Science, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045109415","display_name":"Ziqiang Ye","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4097-2727"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ziqiang Ye","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Key Laboratory of Wireless Communications, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4097-2727","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Key Laboratory of Wireless Communications, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064069283","display_name":"Han Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6893-8650"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Han Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computing and Data Science, Nanyang Technological University, Jurong West, Singapore","College of Computing and Data Science, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6893-8650","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computing and Data Science, Nanyang Technological University, Jurong West, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computing and Data Science, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.4084,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":34,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97834926,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"42","issue":"12","first_page":"3462","last_page":"3476"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9710000157356262,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9710000157356262,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13382","display_name":"Robotics and Automated Systems","score":0.9143000245094299,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8420192003250122},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.7536849975585938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.5979605317115784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5126325488090515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perception","display_name":"Perception","score":0.4612646698951721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.3829262852668762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.3531663119792938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3268885016441345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.12524056434631348}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8420192003250122},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.7536849975585938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.5979605317115784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5126325488090515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.4612646698951721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.3829262852668762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.3531663119792938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3268885016441345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.12524056434631348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jsac.2024.3459073","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsac.2024.3459073","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S90422530","display_name":"IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications","issn_l":"0733-8716","issn":["0733-8716","1558-0008"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dr.ntu.edu.sg:10356/181022","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSAC.2024.3459073","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402609","display_name":"DR-NTU (Nanyang Technological University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","host_organization_name":"Nanyang Technological University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320709","display_name":"National Research Foundation Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/03cpyc314"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320333169","display_name":"National Science Foundation, United Arab Emirates","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":46,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1916376402","https://openalex.org/W1993885071","https://openalex.org/W2127636315","https://openalex.org/W2130343325","https://openalex.org/W2142845429","https://openalex.org/W2149200615","https://openalex.org/W2294890201","https://openalex.org/W2343448572","https://openalex.org/W2557998141","https://openalex.org/W2562896287","https://openalex.org/W2618799552","https://openalex.org/W2706629214","https://openalex.org/W2741178546","https://openalex.org/W2794465732","https://openalex.org/W2806587748","https://openalex.org/W2865103122","https://openalex.org/W2883152037","https://openalex.org/W2895865304","https://openalex.org/W2910653560","https://openalex.org/W2935268363","https://openalex.org/W2940954889","https://openalex.org/W2963428237","https://openalex.org/W2963576178","https://openalex.org/W3006143078","https://openalex.org/W3115826427","https://openalex.org/W3119663383","https://openalex.org/W3126187582","https://openalex.org/W3131309288","https://openalex.org/W3153883491","https://openalex.org/W3174504503","https://openalex.org/W3175044018","https://openalex.org/W3202629807","https://openalex.org/W3211270128","https://openalex.org/W3213889621","https://openalex.org/W3217066153","https://openalex.org/W4226206753","https://openalex.org/W4312315462","https://openalex.org/W4315777534","https://openalex.org/W4386076325","https://openalex.org/W4386183380","https://openalex.org/W4386495207","https://openalex.org/W4390824489","https://openalex.org/W4391935850","https://openalex.org/W4402159869","https://openalex.org/W6686735968","https://openalex.org/W6847207718"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4306904969","https://openalex.org/W2138720691","https://openalex.org/W4362501864","https://openalex.org/W4380318855","https://openalex.org/W2031695474","https://openalex.org/W2024136090","https://openalex.org/W2586732548","https://openalex.org/W3049728571","https://openalex.org/W2964765435","https://openalex.org/W4391331176"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,165,213],"Space-Air-Ground":[1],"Integrated":[2],"Network":[3],"(SAGIN),":[4],"crucial":[5],"to":[6,55,82,118,130,168,230],"the":[7,24,38,87,170,175],"advancement":[8],"of":[9,27,40,76,89,106,177,215],"sixth-generation":[10],"(6G)":[11],"technology,":[12],"plays":[13],"a":[14,51,104,190],"key":[15],"role":[16,39],"in":[17,204],"ensuring":[18],"universal":[19],"connectivity,":[20],"particularly":[21],"by":[22],"addressing":[23],"communication":[25],"needs":[26],"remote":[28],"areas":[29],"lacking":[30],"cellular":[31],"network":[32,172,232],"infrastructure.":[33],"This":[34],"paper":[35],"delves":[36],"into":[37],"unmanned":[41],"aerial":[42],"vehicles":[43],"(UAVs)":[44],"within":[45],"SAGIN,":[46,205],"where":[47],"they":[48],"act":[49],"as":[50],"control":[52],"layer":[53],"owing":[54],"their":[56,61,99],"adaptable":[57],"deployment":[58],"capabilities":[59],"and":[60,69,85,126,151,159,161,181,194],"intermediary":[62],"role.":[63],"Equipped":[64],"with":[65,211],"millimeter-wave":[66],"(mmWave)":[67],"radar":[68],"vision":[70],"sensors,":[71],"these":[72,186],"UAVs":[73,92,158],"are":[74,115],"capable":[75],"acquiring":[77],"multi-source":[78],"data,":[79],"which":[80,225],"helps":[81],"diminish":[83],"uncertainty":[84,176],"enhance":[86],"accuracy":[88],"decision-making.":[90],"Concurrently,":[91],"collect":[93],"tasks":[94,114],"requiring":[95],"computing":[96,163],"resources":[97],"from":[98,103],"coverage":[100],"areas,":[101],"originating":[102],"variety":[105],"mobile":[107,149],"devices":[108,150],"moving":[109],"at":[110],"different":[111],"speeds.":[112],"These":[113],"then":[116],"allocated":[117],"ground":[119],"base":[120],"stations":[121],"(BSs),":[122],"low-earth-orbit":[123],"(LEO)":[124],"satellite,":[125],"local":[127],"processing":[128,132],"units":[129],"improve":[131],"efficiency.":[133],"Amidst":[134],"this":[135,201],"framework,":[136],"our":[137,216],"study":[138],"concentrates":[139],"on":[140],"devising":[141],"dynamic":[142],"strategies":[143],"for":[144,200,207],"facilitating":[145],"task":[146],"hosting":[147],"between":[148,157],"UAVs,":[152],"offloading":[153],"computations,":[154],"managing":[155],"associations":[156],"BSs,":[160],"allocating":[162],"resources.":[164],"objective":[166],"is":[167,219],"minimize":[169],"time-averaged":[171],"cost,":[173],"considering":[174],"device":[178],"locations,":[179],"speeds,":[180],"even":[182],"types.":[183],"To":[184],"tackle":[185],"complexities,":[187],"we":[188],"propose":[189],"deep":[191],"reinforcement":[192],"learning":[193],"perception-aided":[195],"online":[196],"approach":[197,218],"(DRL-and-Perception-aided":[198],"Approach)":[199],"joint":[202],"optimization":[203],"tailored":[206],"an":[208],"environment":[209],"filled":[210],"uncertainties.":[212],"effectiveness":[214],"proposed":[217],"validated":[220],"through":[221],"extensive":[222],"numerical":[223],"simulations,":[224],"quantify":[226],"its":[227],"performance":[228],"relative":[229],"various":[231],"parameters.":[233]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-17T09:13:05.818461","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}