{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4390044392","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsac.2023.3345432","title":"An Adaptive and Modular Blockchain Enabled Architecture for a Decentralized Metaverse","display_name":"An Adaptive and Modular Blockchain Enabled Architecture for a Decentralized Metaverse","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-12-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4390044392","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsac.2023.3345432"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jsac.2023.3345432","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsac.2023.3345432","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S90422530","display_name":"IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications","issn_l":"0733-8716","issn":["0733-8716","1558-0008"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://scholarworks.indianapolis.iu.edu/bitstreams/1560fcef-7c19-454d-8caf-4c7b56952aa0/download","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022187689","display_name":"Ye Cheng","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80143920","display_name":"Shandong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04gtjhw98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ye Cheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101450009","display_name":"Yihao Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3266-6002"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80143920","display_name":"Shandong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04gtjhw98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yihao Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103077343","display_name":"Minghui Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3675-3461"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80143920","display_name":"Shandong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04gtjhw98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Minghui Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073501368","display_name":"Qin Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8847-8345"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135191193","display_name":"University of Indianapolis","ror":"https://ror.org/052133d12","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135191193"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55769427","display_name":"Indiana University \u2013 Purdue University Indianapolis","ror":"https://ror.org/05gxnyn08","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55769427","https://openalex.org/I592451"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qin Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer and Information Science, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Information Science, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135191193","https://openalex.org/I55769427"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045982340","display_name":"Dongxiao Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6835-5981"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80143920","display_name":"Shandong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04gtjhw98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dongxiao Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100692488","display_name":"Xiuzhen Cheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5912-4647"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80143920","display_name":"Shandong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04gtjhw98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiuzhen Cheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5022187689"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":8.5909,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":19,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97745829,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"42","issue":"4","first_page":"893","last_page":"904"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9962000250816345,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10101","display_name":"Cloud Computing and Resource Management","score":0.9944000244140625,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8356237411499023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.8285890817642212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modular-design","display_name":"Modular design","score":0.7240362167358398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/architecture","display_name":"Architecture","score":0.6556357741355896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.5180726051330566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metaverse","display_name":"Metaverse","score":0.5083760619163513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.3505520820617676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.29219281673431396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.26385754346847534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.11616930365562439},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtual-reality","display_name":"Virtual reality","score":0.11479943990707397}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8356237411499023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.8285890817642212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101468663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1620158","display_name":"Modular design","level":2,"score":0.7240362167358398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.6556357741355896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.5180726051330566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53332860","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2632041","display_name":"Metaverse","level":3,"score":0.5083760619163513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.3505520820617676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.29219281673431396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.26385754346847534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.11616930365562439},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194969405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170519","display_name":"Virtual reality","level":2,"score":0.11479943990707397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jsac.2023.3345432","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsac.2023.3345432","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S90422530","display_name":"IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications","issn_l":"0733-8716","issn":["0733-8716","1558-0008"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:scholarworks.indianapolis.iu.edu:1805/45106","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1805/45106","pdf_url":"https://scholarworks.indianapolis.iu.edu/bitstreams/1560fcef-7c19-454d-8caf-4c7b56952aa0/download","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400987","display_name":"IUScholarWorks (Indiana University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I592451","host_organization_name":"Indiana University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I592451"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ArXiv","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:scholarworks.indianapolis.iu.edu:1805/45106","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1805/45106","pdf_url":"https://scholarworks.indianapolis.iu.edu/bitstreams/1560fcef-7c19-454d-8caf-4c7b56952aa0/download","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400987","display_name":"IUScholarWorks (Indiana University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I592451","host_organization_name":"Indiana University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I592451"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ArXiv","raw_type":"Article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.41999998688697815,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1121271761","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Program","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2087396116","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"China","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2802911279","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Young","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3317480652","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G391238517","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":", and","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5556849881","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022YFB4501000","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5994120800","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Natural","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6362666999","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62302266","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6975830235","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022YFB4501000","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8942805157","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62232010","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4390044392.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4390044392.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":48,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2039637952","https://openalex.org/W2144336625","https://openalex.org/W2156523427","https://openalex.org/W2166821106","https://openalex.org/W2168205742","https://openalex.org/W2396967885","https://openalex.org/W2891853972","https://openalex.org/W2914790213","https://openalex.org/W3020687048","https://openalex.org/W3029410543","https://openalex.org/W3105392356","https://openalex.org/W3151748982","https://openalex.org/W3162358200","https://openalex.org/W3169156335","https://openalex.org/W3206525235","https://openalex.org/W3213859307","https://openalex.org/W4200069166","https://openalex.org/W4206255050","https://openalex.org/W4211068006","https://openalex.org/W4226225860","https://openalex.org/W4248175462","https://openalex.org/W4283079280","https://openalex.org/W4288073028","https://openalex.org/W4294891500","https://openalex.org/W4295934625","https://openalex.org/W4303579425","https://openalex.org/W4304820059","https://openalex.org/W4308391463","https://openalex.org/W4310717726","https://openalex.org/W4313185505","https://openalex.org/W4313200029","https://openalex.org/W4313334056","https://openalex.org/W4313585122","https://openalex.org/W4320717855","https://openalex.org/W4381733883","https://openalex.org/W4387801411","https://openalex.org/W4394717791","https://openalex.org/W6677221090","https://openalex.org/W6782033241","https://openalex.org/W6786249617","https://openalex.org/W6793285265","https://openalex.org/W6795551194","https://openalex.org/W6802749020","https://openalex.org/W6803886546","https://openalex.org/W6839266317","https://openalex.org/W6841923938","https://openalex.org/W6849816237","https://openalex.org/W6851830589"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4210406818","https://openalex.org/W4306779889","https://openalex.org/W4386732777","https://openalex.org/W3211706803","https://openalex.org/W4382775358","https://openalex.org/W4246942721","https://openalex.org/W3209862047","https://openalex.org/W4304136894","https://openalex.org/W2061430247","https://openalex.org/W2066343225"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"metaverse":[1,36,51,85],"breaks":[2],"the":[3,30,44,61,70,107,111,128,165,169],"boundaries":[4],"of":[5,29,49,57,110,130,171],"time":[6],"and":[7,20,46,78,116,120,145,157,164],"space":[8],"between":[9],"people,":[10],"realizing":[11],"a":[12,22,35,39,50,83,99,118,141],"more":[13],"realistic":[14],"virtual":[15],"experience,":[16],"improving":[17],"work":[18],"efficiency,":[19],"creating":[21],"new":[23],"business":[24],"model.":[25],"Blockchain,":[26],"as":[27],"one":[28],"key":[31],"supporting":[32],"technologies":[33],"for":[34,63,82],"design,":[37],"provides":[38],"trusted":[40,143],"interactive":[41,122],"environment.":[42,123],"However,":[43],"rich":[45],"varied":[47],"scenes":[48],"have":[52],"led":[53],"to":[54,66,86,106,134,149],"excessive":[55],"consumption":[56],"on-chain":[58],"resources,":[59],"raising":[60],"threshold":[62],"ordinary":[64],"users":[65],"join,":[67],"thereby":[68],"losing":[69],"human-centered":[71],"design.":[72,173],"Therefore,":[73],"we":[74,126,155],"propose":[75,127],"an":[76,93],"adaptive":[77,94],"modular":[79,100],"blockchain-enabled":[80],"architecture":[81],"decentralized":[84],"address":[87],"these":[88],"issues.":[89],"The":[90],"solution":[91,160],"includes":[92],"consensus/ledger":[95],"protocol":[96],"based":[97,161],"on":[98,162],"blockchain,":[101],"which":[102],"can":[103,139],"effectively":[104],"adapt":[105],"ever-changing":[108],"scenarios":[109],"metaverse,":[112],"reduce":[113],"resource":[114],"consumption,":[115],"provide":[117],"secure":[119],"reliable":[121],"In":[124],"addition,":[125],"concept":[129],"Non-Fungible":[131],"Resource":[132],"(NFR)":[133],"virtualize":[135],"idle":[136],"resources.":[137],"Users":[138],"establish":[140],"temporary":[142],"environment":[144],"rent":[146],"others\u2019":[147],"NFR":[148],"meet":[150],"their":[151],"computing":[152],"needs.":[153],"Finally,":[154],"simulate":[156],"test":[158],"our":[159,172],"XuperChain,":[163],"experimental":[166],"results":[167],"prove":[168],"feasibility":[170]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":10}],"updated_date":"2026-04-13T07:58:08.660418","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}