{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4390044321","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsac.2023.3345420","title":"Counterfactual Quantum Byzantine Consensus for Human-Centric Metaverse","display_name":"Counterfactual Quantum Byzantine Consensus for Human-Centric Metaverse","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-12-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4390044321","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsac.2023.3345420"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jsac.2023.3345420","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsac.2023.3345420","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S90422530","display_name":"IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications","issn_l":"0733-8716","issn":["0733-8716","1558-0008"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://pure.qub.ac.uk/en/publications/8ac6cef2-e5eb-4d9d-b061-39f2de91b6ce","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068539165","display_name":"Saw Nang Paing","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1288-3467"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35928602","display_name":"Kyung Hee University","ror":"https://ror.org/01zqcg218","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I35928602"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Saw Nang Paing","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Information Convergence Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, South Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Information Convergence Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35928602"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036536517","display_name":"Jason William Setiawan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1284-6735"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35928602","display_name":"Kyung Hee University","ror":"https://ror.org/01zqcg218","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I35928602"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jason William Setiawan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Information Convergence Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, South Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Information Convergence Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35928602"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101604018","display_name":"Muhammad Asad Ullah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2494-3914"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35928602","display_name":"Kyung Hee University","ror":"https://ror.org/01zqcg218","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I35928602"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Asad Ullah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Information Convergence Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, South Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Information Convergence Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35928602"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001070213","display_name":"Fakhar Zaman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3751-8933"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35928602","display_name":"Kyung Hee University","ror":"https://ror.org/01zqcg218","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I35928602"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fakhar Zaman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Information Convergence Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, South Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Information Convergence Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35928602"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049089848","display_name":"Trung Q. Duong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4703-4836"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126231945","display_name":"Queen's University Belfast","ror":"https://ror.org/00hswnk62","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126231945"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130438778","display_name":"Memorial University of Newfoundland","ror":"https://ror.org/04haebc03","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130438778"]}],"countries":["CA","GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Trung Q. Duong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Canada","School of Electronics, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, U.K"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130438778"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126231945"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077149719","display_name":"Octavia A. Dobre","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8528-0512"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130438778","display_name":"Memorial University of Newfoundland","ror":"https://ror.org/04haebc03","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130438778"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Octavia A. Dobre","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Memorial University, St. John’s, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Memorial University, St. John’s, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130438778"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007557286","display_name":"Hyundong Shin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3364-8084"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35928602","display_name":"Kyung Hee University","ror":"https://ror.org/01zqcg218","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I35928602"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hyundong Shin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Information Convergence Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, South Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Information Convergence Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35928602"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5068539165"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35928602"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.8011,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":17,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97481043,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"42","issue":"4","first_page":"905","last_page":"918"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9944000244140625,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9944000244140625,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9940000176429749,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10020","display_name":"Quantum Information and Cryptography","score":0.9898999929428101,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8205535411834717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/byzantine-fault-tolerance","display_name":"Byzantine fault tolerance","score":0.6837561130523682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/counterfactual-thinking","display_name":"Counterfactual thinking","score":0.536590576171875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.4951590597629547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.48910337686538696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.4219288229942322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.39595913887023926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fault-tolerance","display_name":"Fault tolerance","score":0.38781940937042236}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8205535411834717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168021876","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1353446","display_name":"Byzantine fault tolerance","level":3,"score":0.6837561130523682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108650721","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1783253","display_name":"Counterfactual thinking","level":2,"score":0.536590576171875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.4951590597629547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.48910337686538696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.4219288229942322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.39595913887023926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63540848","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3140932","display_name":"Fault tolerance","level":2,"score":0.38781940937042236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jsac.2023.3345420","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsac.2023.3345420","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S90422530","display_name":"IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications","issn_l":"0733-8716","issn":["0733-8716","1558-0008"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.qub.ac.uk/portal:openaire/8ac6cef2-e5eb-4d9d-b061-39f2de91b6ce","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pure.qub.ac.uk/en/publications/8ac6cef2-e5eb-4d9d-b061-39f2de91b6ce","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402319","display_name":"Research Portal (Queen's University Belfast)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I126231945","host_organization_name":"Queen's University Belfast","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126231945"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Paing, S N, Setiawan, J W, Ullah, M A, Zaman, F, Duong, T Q, Dobre, O A & Shin, H 2024, 'Counterfactual quantum byzantine consensus for human-centric metaverse', IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, vol. 42, no. 4, pp. 905 - 918. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSAC.2023.3345420","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.qub.ac.uk/portal:openaire/8ac6cef2-e5eb-4d9d-b061-39f2de91b6ce","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pure.qub.ac.uk/en/publications/8ac6cef2-e5eb-4d9d-b061-39f2de91b6ce","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402319","display_name":"Research Portal (Queen's University Belfast)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I126231945","host_organization_name":"Queen's University Belfast","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126231945"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Paing, S N, Setiawan, J W, Ullah, M A, Zaman, F, Duong, T Q, Dobre, O A & Shin, H 2024, 'Counterfactual quantum byzantine consensus for human-centric metaverse', IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, vol. 42, no. 4, pp. 905 - 918. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSAC.2023.3345420","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2570929455","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NRF-2022R1A4A3033401","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4863860580","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NRF-2019R1A2C2007037","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/013aysd81"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/01h531d29"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":57,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W194305308","https://openalex.org/W1513904472","https://openalex.org/W1827808880","https://openalex.org/W1954167837","https://openalex.org/W1965859696","https://openalex.org/W1978502884","https://openalex.org/W1985859985","https://openalex.org/W2012595974","https://openalex.org/W2024420387","https://openalex.org/W2031975728","https://openalex.org/W2053907990","https://openalex.org/W2064242695","https://openalex.org/W2065831102","https://openalex.org/W2068696696","https://openalex.org/W2073165207","https://openalex.org/W2077549399","https://openalex.org/W2116320206","https://openalex.org/W2126924915","https://openalex.org/W2148115906","https://openalex.org/W2473768800","https://openalex.org/W2567698407","https://openalex.org/W2624930036","https://openalex.org/W2760624964","https://openalex.org/W2926987861","https://openalex.org/W2967311764","https://openalex.org/W2981495462","https://openalex.org/W3007474076","https://openalex.org/W3010045347","https://openalex.org/W3095983164","https://openalex.org/W3098532907","https://openalex.org/W3099916080","https://openalex.org/W3105761196","https://openalex.org/W3106396181","https://openalex.org/W3132733261","https://openalex.org/W3137092842","https://openalex.org/W3143652073","https://openalex.org/W3159107335","https://openalex.org/W3213859307","https://openalex.org/W4220991980","https://openalex.org/W4226301721","https://openalex.org/W4226375322","https://openalex.org/W4285234632","https://openalex.org/W4286506856","https://openalex.org/W4287851275","https://openalex.org/W4293057993","https://openalex.org/W4293811970","https://openalex.org/W4309472441","https://openalex.org/W4312100473","https://openalex.org/W4313185505","https://openalex.org/W4318147807","https://openalex.org/W4320024340","https://openalex.org/W4327500536","https://openalex.org/W4366258763","https://openalex.org/W4377970754","https://openalex.org/W4378697139","https://openalex.org/W4381785843","https://openalex.org/W6803886546"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3201448254","https://openalex.org/W4286970243","https://openalex.org/W2066431708","https://openalex.org/W4384133558","https://openalex.org/W3025615835","https://openalex.org/W173210993","https://openalex.org/W2064720525","https://openalex.org/W2117392534","https://openalex.org/W2145120192","https://openalex.org/W2111125783"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Quantum":[0],"Byzantine":[1],"fault":[2,172],"tolerance":[3,173],"(BFT)":[4],"consensus":[5,75],"is":[6],"a":[7,35,54,61,114,120],"secure":[8],"and":[9,47,118,125,158,171,190,198],"reliable":[10],"mechanism":[11],"that":[12,104,194],"enables":[13],"network":[14,63,182],"nodes":[15],"to":[16,43,95,178,187],"reach":[17],"an":[18,78],"agreement":[19,79],"even":[20],"in":[21,38,110,148],"the":[22,40,69,81,84,91,96,105,111,131,141,145,151,175,196],"presence":[23],"of":[24,86,99,113,123,134,144,150,154,167,174,200],"faulty":[25],"nodes,":[26],"by":[27],"using":[28,64],"distributed":[29],"private":[30],"correlated":[31],"lists.":[32],"It":[33],"plays":[34],"crucial":[36],"role":[37],"developing":[39],"blockchain-based":[41],"Metaverse":[42,162,201],"ensure":[44],"its":[45,180],"integrity":[46],"security.":[48],"In":[49,137],"this":[50],"paper,":[51],"we":[52,102,139],"propose":[53],"counterfactual":[55,65,100],"quantum":[56,71,92,121],"BFT":[57],"(CQ-BFT)":[58],"protocol":[59,76,107,147,177,185],"for":[60],"multipartite":[62],"unitary":[66],"telecomputation":[67],"with":[68],"chained":[70],"Zeno":[72],"gates.":[73],"This":[74,184],"achieves":[77],"among":[80],"parties":[82],"without":[83],"passage":[85],"any":[87],"physical":[88],"particles":[89],"through":[90],"channel.":[93],"Due":[94],"unique":[97],"properties":[98],"communication,":[101],"demonstrate":[103],"CQ-BFT":[106,146,176],"can":[108],"operate":[109],"absence":[112],"shared":[115],"phase":[116],"reference":[117],"provide":[119],"layer":[122],"security":[124],"robustness":[126],"against":[127],"dephasing":[128],"noise,":[129],"fulfilling":[130],"stringent":[132],"requirements":[133],"blockchain":[135],"technology.":[136],"addition,":[138],"analyze":[140],"performance":[142],"tradeoff":[143],"terms":[149],"three":[152],"pillars":[153],"blockchain\u2014i.e.,":[155],"security,":[156,168],"scalability,":[157],"decentralization.":[159],"The":[160],"human-centric":[161],"could":[163],"leverage":[164],"high":[165],"degrees":[166],"noise":[169],"resilience,":[170],"enhance":[179],"underlying":[181],"infrastructure.":[183],"leads":[186],"more":[188],"robust":[189],"immersive":[191],"virtual":[192],"environments":[193],"prioritize":[195],"needs":[197],"experiences":[199],"users.":[202]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}