{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4390044398","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsac.2023.3345379","title":"A Spatiotemporal Backdoor Attack Against Behavior-Oriented Decision Makers in Metaverse: From Perspective of Autonomous Driving","display_name":"A Spatiotemporal Backdoor Attack Against Behavior-Oriented Decision Makers in Metaverse: From Perspective of Autonomous Driving","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-12-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4390044398","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsac.2023.3345379"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jsac.2023.3345379","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsac.2023.3345379","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S90422530","display_name":"IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications","issn_l":"0733-8716","issn":["0733-8716","1558-0008"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087622786","display_name":"Yinbo Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0257-5081"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yinbo Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Engineering Laboratory for Integrated Aero-Space-Ground-Ocean Big Data Application Technology, School of Cybersecurity, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi&#x2019;an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0257-5081","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Engineering Laboratory for Integrated Aero-Space-Ground-Ocean Big Data Application Technology, School of Cybersecurity, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108050448","display_name":"Jiajia Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4273-8866"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiajia Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Engineering Laboratory for Integrated Aero-Space-Ground-Ocean Big Data Application Technology, School of Cybersecurity, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi&#x2019;an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4273-8866","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Engineering Laboratory for Integrated Aero-Space-Ground-Ocean Big Data Application Technology, School of Cybersecurity, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082797386","display_name":"Hongzhi Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2503-2784"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongzhi Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Engineering Laboratory for Integrated Aero-Space-Ground-Ocean Big Data Application Technology, School of Cybersecurity, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi&#x2019;an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2503-2784","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Engineering Laboratory for Integrated Aero-Space-Ground-Ocean Big Data Application Technology, School of Cybersecurity, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015739734","display_name":"Bomin Mao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7780-5972"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bomin Mao","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Engineering Laboratory for Integrated Aero-Space-Ground-Ocean Big Data Application Technology, School of Cybersecurity, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi&#x2019;an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7780-5972","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Engineering Laboratory for Integrated Aero-Space-Ground-Ocean Big Data Application Technology, School of Cybersecurity, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013311265","display_name":"Nei Kato","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8769-302X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201537933","display_name":"Tohoku University","ror":"https://ror.org/01dq60k83","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201537933"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nei Kato","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Information Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8769-302X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Information Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201537933"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5087622786"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.2153,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90476108,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"42","issue":"4","first_page":"948","last_page":"962"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11099","display_name":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","score":0.9919000267982483,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9330000281333923,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/backdoor","display_name":"Backdoor","score":0.9327380657196045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8141737580299377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perspective","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","score":0.6226547360420227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversary","display_name":"Adversary","score":0.6039105653762817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.48058366775512695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.4685082733631134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.4681767523288727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.41015422344207764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.40354689955711365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.3570404052734375}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781045450","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254569","display_name":"Backdoor","level":2,"score":0.9327380657196045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8141737580299377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.6226547360420227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41065033","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2825412","display_name":"Adversary","level":2,"score":0.6039105653762817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.48058366775512695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.4685082733631134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.4681767523288727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.41015422344207764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.40354689955711365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.3570404052734375}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jsac.2023.3345379","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsac.2023.3345379","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S90422530","display_name":"IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications","issn_l":"0733-8716","issn":["0733-8716","1558-0008"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7599999904632568,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4592966228","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62202387","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":55,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1592601589","https://openalex.org/W2109014690","https://openalex.org/W2195446438","https://openalex.org/W2805804251","https://openalex.org/W2889547267","https://openalex.org/W2917251332","https://openalex.org/W2934843808","https://openalex.org/W2950817888","https://openalex.org/W2966689772","https://openalex.org/W2973372523","https://openalex.org/W2990270730","https://openalex.org/W3004129452","https://openalex.org/W3034126795","https://openalex.org/W3042368254","https://openalex.org/W3083185154","https://openalex.org/W3090027660","https://openalex.org/W3092005433","https://openalex.org/W3117126067","https://openalex.org/W3120265095","https://openalex.org/W3127561923","https://openalex.org/W3133556480","https://openalex.org/W3136325136","https://openalex.org/W3166022359","https://openalex.org/W3176388049","https://openalex.org/W3187829000","https://openalex.org/W3192036897","https://openalex.org/W4223487004","https://openalex.org/W4224330100","https://openalex.org/W4225678119","https://openalex.org/W4282933047","https://openalex.org/W4283204848","https://openalex.org/W4285107918","https://openalex.org/W4285244819","https://openalex.org/W4285412624","https://openalex.org/W4290715420","https://openalex.org/W4294891500","https://openalex.org/W4304091855","https://openalex.org/W4309227257","https://openalex.org/W4309484364","https://openalex.org/W4310055274","https://openalex.org/W4312940001","https://openalex.org/W4312947228","https://openalex.org/W4315630292","https://openalex.org/W4323354117","https://openalex.org/W6677939520","https://openalex.org/W6687590523","https://openalex.org/W6756074407","https://openalex.org/W6756333562","https://openalex.org/W6760072027","https://openalex.org/W6770704954","https://openalex.org/W6785535465","https://openalex.org/W6795819286","https://openalex.org/W6810121141","https://openalex.org/W6838861716","https://openalex.org/W6840371028"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4320031223","https://openalex.org/W4200629851","https://openalex.org/W4281902577","https://openalex.org/W4309417370","https://openalex.org/W4292107232","https://openalex.org/W3009072493","https://openalex.org/W4386080799","https://openalex.org/W3140988292","https://openalex.org/W4317672133","https://openalex.org/W4328053081"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Behavior-oriented":[0],"decision-makers":[1,26,56],"are":[2],"critical":[3],"components":[4],"in":[5,13,27,58],"generating":[6],"intelligent":[7],"decisions":[8],"for":[9,62],"user":[10],"virtual":[11],"interactions":[12],"metaverse.":[14],"In":[15],"this":[16],"work,":[17],"we":[18,69],"study":[19],"the":[20,42,51,90],"efficiency":[21],"and":[22,67,97,121,130,140],"security":[23],"of":[24,31,45,53],"behavior-oriented":[25,138],"metaverse":[28],"from":[29],"perspective":[30],"autonomous":[32,64],"driving":[33,39,80,102],"(AD),":[34],"where":[35],"modeling":[36],"human":[37],"uncertain":[38],"behaviors":[40],"is":[41,141],"key":[43],"factor":[44],"their":[46],"performance.":[47],"We":[48],"first":[49],"explore":[50],"ability":[52],"different":[54],"deep-neural-network-based":[55],"used":[57],"deep":[59],"reinforcement":[60],"learning":[61],"efficient":[63],"vehicle":[65,104],"control,":[66],"then":[68],"propose":[70],"a":[71,94],"novel":[72],"neural":[73],"backdoor":[74,115],"attack":[75,116,134],"against":[76,143],"them":[77],"using":[78],"spatiotemporal":[79,107],"behaviors,":[81],"rather":[82],"than":[83,124,132],"an":[84],"immediate":[85],"state.":[86],"With":[87],"our":[88,113],"attack,":[89],"adversary":[91],"acts":[92],"as":[93],"normal":[95],"driver":[96],"can":[98,117],"trigger":[99],"attacks":[100],"by":[101],"his":[103],"following":[105],"specific":[106],"behaviors.":[108],"Extensive":[109],"experiments":[110],"show":[111],"that":[112],"proposed":[114],"achieve":[118],"high":[119],"stealthiness":[120],"effectiveness":[122],"(less":[123],"1%":[125],"clean":[126],"performance":[127],"variance":[128],"rate":[129],"more":[131],"98%":[133],"success":[135],"rate)":[136],"on":[137],"decision-makers,":[139],"sustainable":[142],"existing":[144],"advanced":[145],"defenses.":[146]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
