{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4389104797","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsac.2023.3336159","title":"RIC-O: Efficient Placement of a Disaggregated and Distributed RAN Intelligent Controller With Dynamic Clustering of Radio Nodes","display_name":"RIC-O: Efficient Placement of a Disaggregated and Distributed RAN Intelligent Controller With Dynamic Clustering of Radio Nodes","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-11-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4389104797","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsac.2023.3336159"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jsac.2023.3336159","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsac.2023.3336159","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S90422530","display_name":"IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications","issn_l":"0733-8716","issn":["0733-8716","1558-0008"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101855316","display_name":"Gabriel M. Almeida","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3764-2336"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I68106152","display_name":"Universidade Federal de Goi\u00e1s","ror":"https://ror.org/0039d5757","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I68106152"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gabriel Matheus Almeida","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Informatics (INF), Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Goiás, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3764-2336","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Informatics (INF), Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Goiás, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I68106152"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036542068","display_name":"Gustavo Zanatta Bruno","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1424-3404"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I61722147","display_name":"Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos","ror":"https://ror.org/05ctmmy43","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I61722147"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gustavo Zanatta Bruno","raw_affiliation_strings":["Applied Computing Graduate Program (PPGCA), University of Vale do Rio dos Sinos (UNISINOS), São Leopoldo, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1424-3404","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Applied Computing Graduate Program (PPGCA), University of Vale do Rio dos Sinos (UNISINOS), São Leopoldo, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I61722147"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048393434","display_name":"Alexandre Huff","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0371-4837"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1283613182","display_name":"Universidade Tecnol\u00f3gica Federal do Paran\u00e1","ror":"https://ror.org/002v2kq79","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1283613182"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alexandre Huff","raw_affiliation_strings":["Federal Technological University of Paraná (UTFPR), Toledo, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0371-4837","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Federal Technological University of Paraná (UTFPR), Toledo, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1283613182"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073142752","display_name":"Matti Hiltunen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1283103587","display_name":"AT&T (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/02bbd5539","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1283103587"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matti Hiltunen","raw_affiliation_strings":["AT&T Shannon Labs, Bedminster, NJ, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"AT&T Shannon Labs, Bedminster, NJ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1283103587"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052547062","display_name":"Elias P. Duarte","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8916-3302"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52418104","display_name":"Universidade Federal do Paran\u00e1","ror":"https://ror.org/05syd6y78","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52418104"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elias Procopio Duarte","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Informatics (DInf), Federal University of Parana (UFPR), Curitiba, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8916-3302","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Informatics (DInf), Federal University of Parana (UFPR), Curitiba, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52418104"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070996471","display_name":"Cristiano Bonato Both","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9776-4888"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I61722147","display_name":"Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos","ror":"https://ror.org/05ctmmy43","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I61722147"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cristiano Bonato Both","raw_affiliation_strings":["Applied Computing Graduate Program (PPGCA), University of Vale do Rio dos Sinos (UNISINOS), São Leopoldo, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9776-4888","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Applied Computing Graduate Program (PPGCA), University of Vale do Rio dos Sinos (UNISINOS), São Leopoldo, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I61722147"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071689195","display_name":"Kl\u00e9ber V. Cardoso","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5152-5323"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I68106152","display_name":"Universidade Federal de Goi\u00e1s","ror":"https://ror.org/0039d5757","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I68106152"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kleber Vieira Cardoso","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Informatics (INF), Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Goiás, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5152-5323","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Informatics (INF), Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Goiás, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I68106152"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":25.5913,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":37,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99429355,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"42","issue":"2","first_page":"446","last_page":"459"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12042","display_name":"Satellite Communication Systems","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12042","display_name":"Satellite Communication Systems","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10714","display_name":"Software-Defined Networks and 5G","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11896","display_name":"Opportunistic and Delay-Tolerant Networks","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ran","display_name":"Ran","score":0.9090602397918701},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8080043196678162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.79175865650177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radio-access-network","display_name":"Radio access network","score":0.6673365235328674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment","display_name":"Software deployment","score":0.6597267985343933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/edge-computing","display_name":"Edge computing","score":0.5972810387611389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/latency","display_name":"Latency (audio)","score":0.5822651386260986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.5142659544944763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/controller","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","score":0.487592875957489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enhanced-data-rates-for-gsm-evolution","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","score":0.4860823452472687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.47463807463645935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/c-ran","display_name":"C-RAN","score":0.46035143733024597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.4509994387626648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-congestion","display_name":"Network congestion","score":0.4112771153450012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/base-station","display_name":"Base station","score":0.22805190086364746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.21215727925300598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.16956427693367004}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160704184","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18031028","display_name":"Ran","level":2,"score":0.9090602397918701},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8080043196678162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.79175865650177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106365562","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3078360","display_name":"Radio access network","level":4,"score":0.6673365235328674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.6597267985343933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778456923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5337692","display_name":"Edge computing","level":3,"score":0.5972810387611389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82876162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17096504","display_name":"Latency (audio)","level":2,"score":0.5822651386260986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.5142659544944763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203479927","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165939","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","level":2,"score":0.487592875957489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.4860823452472687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.47463807463645935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779765720","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5005908","display_name":"C-RAN","level":5,"score":0.46035143733024597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.4509994387626648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195563490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180368","display_name":"Network congestion","level":3,"score":0.4112771153450012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68649174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1379116","display_name":"Base station","level":2,"score":0.22805190086364746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.21215727925300598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.16956427693367004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207029474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q384018","display_name":"Mobile station","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6557445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173113","display_name":"Agronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158379750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214111","display_name":"Network packet","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jsac.2023.3336159","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsac.2023.3336159","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S90422530","display_name":"IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications","issn_l":"0733-8716","issn":["0733-8716","1558-0008"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.5799999833106995}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G306371746","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"130555/2019-3","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322025","funder_display_name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4126958765","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"308959/2020-5","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322025","funder_display_name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6260535807","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"405111/2021-5","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322025","funder_display_name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6642551560","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"21/06923-0","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335715","funder_display_name":"Center for INnovative and Emerging Materials"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8818814086","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"01245.010604/2020-14","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321091","funder_display_name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321091","display_name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","ror":"https://ror.org/00x0ma614"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322025","display_name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","ror":"https://ror.org/03swz6y49"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335715","display_name":"Center for INnovative and Emerging Materials","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":13,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W158695287","https://openalex.org/W2802655332","https://openalex.org/W3136375527","https://openalex.org/W3193144148","https://openalex.org/W3201082120","https://openalex.org/W3207047766","https://openalex.org/W3208539921","https://openalex.org/W3215827683","https://openalex.org/W4224880565","https://openalex.org/W4226124539","https://openalex.org/W4280588735","https://openalex.org/W4283214234","https://openalex.org/W6798244636"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3018338683","https://openalex.org/W3037103914","https://openalex.org/W2922954044","https://openalex.org/W4315630224","https://openalex.org/W3197340217","https://openalex.org/W2618068568","https://openalex.org/W4294306393","https://openalex.org/W4381187802","https://openalex.org/W4311923021","https://openalex.org/W2692554635"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,17,174],"Radio":[1],"Access":[2],"Network":[3],"(RAN)":[4],"is":[5,176],"the":[6,23,32,59,64,67,84,90,106,113,116,121,149,157,192],"segment":[7],"of":[8,66,115,140],"cellular":[9],"networks":[10],"that":[11,72,111],"provides":[12],"wireless":[13],"connectivity":[14],"to":[15,57,93,135,165,167],"end-users.":[16],"O-RAN":[18,85],"Alliance":[19],"has":[20],"been":[21],"transforming":[22],"RAN":[24,29,37,60],"industry":[25],"by":[26],"proposing":[27],"open":[28],"specifications":[30],"and":[31,35,42,54,131,143,170,180,191],"programmable":[33],"Non-Real-Time":[34],"Near-Real-Time":[36],"Intelligent":[38],"Controllers":[39],"(Non-RT":[40],"RIC":[41,69,92,108,118,142],"Near-RT":[43,68,91,117,141,194],"RIC).":[44],"Both":[45],"RICs":[46],"provide":[47],"platforms":[48],"for":[49],"running":[50],"applications":[51],"called":[52],"rApps":[53],"xApps,":[55],"respectively,":[56],"optimize":[58],"behavior.":[61],"We":[62,104],"investigate":[63],"disaggregation":[65],"into":[70],"components":[71,119,139,153,172],"meet":[73],"stringent":[74],"latency":[75],"requirements":[76],"while":[77,151],"presenting":[78],"a":[79],"cost-effective":[80],"solution.":[81],"For":[82],"example,":[83],"Signalling":[86],"Storm":[87],"Protection":[88],"requires":[89],"support":[94],"end-to-end":[95],"control":[96],"loop":[97],"latencies":[98],"as":[99,101],"low":[100],"10":[102],"ms.":[103],"propose":[105],"novel":[107],"Orchestrator":[109],"(RIC-O)":[110],"optimizes":[112],"deployment":[114,188],"across":[120],"cloud-edge":[122],"continuum.":[123],"Edge":[124],"computing":[125],"nodes":[126],"often":[127],"present":[128],"limited":[129],"resources":[130],"are":[132],"expensive":[133],"compared":[134],"cloud":[136],"computing.":[137],"Performance-critical":[138],"certain":[144],"xApps":[145],"should":[146],"run":[147,155],"at":[148],"edge":[150],"other":[152],"can":[154],"on":[156],"cloud.":[158],"Furthermore,":[159],"RIC-O":[160,190],"employs":[161],"an":[162,185],"efficient":[163],"strategy":[164],"react":[166],"sudden":[168],"changes":[169],"re-deploy":[171],"dynamically.":[173],"proposal":[175],"evaluated":[177],"both":[178],"analytically":[179],"through":[181],"real-world":[182],"experiments":[183],"in":[184],"extended":[186],"Kubernetes":[187],"implementing":[189],"disaggregated":[193],"RIC.":[195]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}