{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4387449033","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsac.2023.3322803","title":"ToA and TDoA Estimation Using Artificial Neural Networks for High-Accuracy Ranging","display_name":"ToA and TDoA Estimation Using Artificial Neural Networks for High-Accuracy Ranging","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-10-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4387449033","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsac.2023.3322803"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jsac.2023.3322803","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsac.2023.3322803","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S90422530","display_name":"IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications","issn_l":"0733-8716","issn":["0733-8716","1558-0008"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009914374","display_name":"Anil Kirmaz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-7460-2586"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210159457","display_name":"Nokia (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/05nh5td39","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2738502077","https://openalex.org/I4210159457"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Anil Kirmaz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nokia, Munich, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nokia, Munich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210159457"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102284682","display_name":"Taylan \u015eah\u00edn","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210159457","display_name":"Nokia (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/05nh5td39","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2738502077","https://openalex.org/I4210159457"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Taylan \u015eahin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nokia, Munich, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nokia, Munich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210159457"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063405879","display_name":"Diomidis S. Michalopoulos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8438-8177"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210159457","display_name":"Nokia (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/05nh5td39","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2738502077","https://openalex.org/I4210159457"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Diomidis S. Michalopoulos","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nokia, Munich, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nokia, Munich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210159457"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050486496","display_name":"Wolfgang Gerstacker","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5656-7829"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wolfgang Gerstacker","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Digital Communications, Friedrich-Alexander-Universit&#x00E4;t Erlangen-N&#x00FC;rnberg, Erlangen, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Digital Communications, Friedrich-Alexander-Universit&#x00E4;t Erlangen-N&#x00FC;rnberg, Erlangen, Germany","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5009914374"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210159457"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.276,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":17,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88680409,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"41","issue":"12","first_page":"3816","last_page":"3830"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10711","display_name":"Target Tracking and Data Fusion in Sensor Networks","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.982699990272522,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ranging","display_name":"Ranging","score":0.954698383808136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/estimator","display_name":"Estimator","score":0.8072371482849121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7863677144050598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multilateration","display_name":"Multilateration","score":0.6815347075462341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time-of-arrival","display_name":"Time of arrival","score":0.43789908289909363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.3822866976261139},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.34339720010757446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.31526559591293335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.29186704754829407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.20848453044891357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1056586503982544}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115051666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6522493","display_name":"Ranging","level":2,"score":0.954698383808136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185429906","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1130160","display_name":"Estimator","level":2,"score":0.8072371482849121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7863677144050598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104037064","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1640884","display_name":"Multilateration","level":3,"score":0.6815347075462341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163150518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4135208","display_name":"Time of arrival","level":3,"score":0.43789908289909363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3822866976261139},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.34339720010757446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.31526559591293335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.29186704754829407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.20848453044891357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1056586503982544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159737794","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124274","display_name":"Azimuth","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jsac.2023.3322803","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsac.2023.3322803","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S90422530","display_name":"IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications","issn_l":"0733-8716","issn":["0733-8716","1558-0008"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.49000000953674316,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1522301498","https://openalex.org/W1560724230","https://openalex.org/W1965665622","https://openalex.org/W1995128708","https://openalex.org/W2070339344","https://openalex.org/W2090627840","https://openalex.org/W2101234009","https://openalex.org/W2107627176","https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W2121627109","https://openalex.org/W2123914993","https://openalex.org/W2129088323","https://openalex.org/W2133085864","https://openalex.org/W2135046866","https://openalex.org/W2146292423","https://openalex.org/W2162718622","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2247327293","https://openalex.org/W2338194367","https://openalex.org/W2793043725","https://openalex.org/W2811666756","https://openalex.org/W2900991556","https://openalex.org/W2902750893","https://openalex.org/W2922240662","https://openalex.org/W2966035132","https://openalex.org/W3023622710","https://openalex.org/W3033032209","https://openalex.org/W3035328184","https://openalex.org/W3044829460","https://openalex.org/W3106678532","https://openalex.org/W3131461523","https://openalex.org/W3209461039","https://openalex.org/W4205090243","https://openalex.org/W4239510810","https://openalex.org/W4301359260","https://openalex.org/W4376480751","https://openalex.org/W6631190155","https://openalex.org/W6675354045","https://openalex.org/W6691035659","https://openalex.org/W6766978945","https://openalex.org/W6863019268"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2066348132","https://openalex.org/W3100472506","https://openalex.org/W1969144673","https://openalex.org/W2117730682","https://openalex.org/W2932879926","https://openalex.org/W2215124457","https://openalex.org/W3094266166","https://openalex.org/W2372243622","https://openalex.org/W2123592012","https://openalex.org/W1995669723"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"High-accuracy":[0],"positioning":[1,159,195],"enables":[2],"various":[3],"applications":[4],"such":[5],"as":[6],"industrial":[7],"asset":[8],"tracking,":[9],"autonomous":[10],"driving":[11],"and":[12,79,90,132],"process":[13],"automation.":[14],"Accurate":[15],"location":[16],"information":[17],"relies":[18],"on":[19,58,119],"accurate":[20],"time-of-arrival":[21],"(ToA)":[22],"or":[23,48],"time-difference-of-arrival":[24],"(TDoA)":[25],"estimation":[26,131,165],"in":[27,81,112],"widely":[28],"utilized":[29],"time-based":[30],"ranging.":[31],"In":[32],"this":[33],"paper,":[34],"we":[35,62],"propose":[36],"artificial":[37],"neural":[38],"network":[39],"(ANN)":[40],"based":[41],"methods":[42,105,135],"either":[43],"to":[44,49],"estimate":[45],"T(D)oA":[46,97],"directly":[47],"mitigate":[50],"the":[51,54,65,71,82,95,101,113,120,129,141,150,154,158,180,189,194],"error":[52,103,133],"of":[53,157,182],"conventional":[55,72,122,151],"estimators.":[56],"Based":[57],"real-world":[59],"channel":[60],"measurements,":[61],"show":[63],"that":[64],"proposed":[66,96],"direct":[67,130],"ANN":[68,142],"estimator":[69],"outperforms":[70],"estimators":[73,143,152],"at":[74,179],"least":[75],"by":[76,128],"approximately":[77],"37%":[78],"24%":[80],"90th":[83,114],"percentile":[84,115],"ranging":[85,116,125,170],"error,":[86,117],"derived":[87],"from":[88],"ToA":[89,164],"TDoA":[91,174],"estimations,":[92],"respectively.":[93],"Additionally,":[94],"error-mitigating":[98],"ANNs":[99,137],"outperform":[100],"benchmark":[102],"mitigation":[104,134],"with":[106],"a":[107,145,167,183],"gain":[108],"varying":[109],"between":[110],"17\u201343%":[111],"depending":[118],"underlying":[121],"estimator.":[123],"The":[124],"accuracy":[126,171],"delivered":[127],"using":[136],"are":[138],"similar.":[139],"Furthermore,":[140],"yield":[144],"more":[146],"robust":[147],"performance":[148],"than":[149,172],"when":[153],"carrier":[155],"frequency":[156],"signal":[160],"is":[161],"varied.":[162],"ANN-based":[163,173],"yields":[166],"marginally":[168],"better":[169],"estimation.":[175],"This":[176],"advantage":[177],"comes":[178],"expense":[181],"larger":[184],"communication":[185],"latency,":[186],"while":[187],"avoiding":[188],"need":[190],"for":[191],"synchronization":[192],"among":[193],"anchors.":[196]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
