{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4381785932","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsac.2023.3288235","title":"Beamforming Analysis and Design for Wideband THz Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface Communications","display_name":"Beamforming Analysis and Design for Wideband THz Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface Communications","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-06-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4381785932","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsac.2023.3288235"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jsac.2023.3288235","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsac.2023.3288235","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S90422530","display_name":"IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications","issn_l":"0733-8716","issn":["0733-8716","1558-0008"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019031108","display_name":"Wencai Yan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4198-2472"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I38877650","display_name":"Zhengzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ypx8c21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I38877650"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wencai Yan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4198-2472","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I38877650"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036919829","display_name":"Wanming Hao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4465-3447"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I38877650","display_name":"Zhengzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ypx8c21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I38877650"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114608","display_name":"Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/020vtf184","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210114608","https://openalex.org/I4210137180","https://openalex.org/I4210159876"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wanming Hao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China","Songshan Laboratory, Zhengzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4465-3447","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I38877650"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Songshan Laboratory, Zhengzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114608"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076730859","display_name":"Chongwen Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8398-8437"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210123185","display_name":"Zhejiang Lab","ror":"https://ror.org/02m2h7991","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210123185"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chongwen Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","Zhejiang-Singapore Innovation and AI Joint Research Laboratory and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Information Processing, Communication and Networking (IPCAN), Hangzhou, China","State Key Laboratory of Integrated Service Networks, Xidian University, Xi'an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8398-8437","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang-Singapore Innovation and AI Joint Research Laboratory and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Information Processing, Communication and Networking (IPCAN), Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210123185"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Integrated Service Networks, Xidian University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044452711","display_name":"Gangcan Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6622-3977"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I38877650","display_name":"Zhengzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ypx8c21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I38877650"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gangcan Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6622-3977","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I38877650"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063434011","display_name":"Osamu Muta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5100-9855"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135598925","display_name":"Kyushu University","ror":"https://ror.org/00p4k0j84","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135598925"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Osamu Muta","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Japan-Egypt Cooperation in Science and Technology, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5100-9855","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Japan-Egypt Cooperation in Science and Technology, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135598925"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026448728","display_name":"Haris Gacanin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3168-8883"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I887968799","display_name":"RWTH Aachen University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xfq0f34","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haris Gacanin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Communication Technologies and Embedded Systems, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3168-8883","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Communication Technologies and Embedded Systems, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060020877","display_name":"Chau Yuen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9307-2120"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chau Yuen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Jurong West, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9307-2120","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Jurong West, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.0957,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":61,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96716007,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"41","issue":"8","first_page":"2306","last_page":"2320"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10069","display_name":"Antenna Design and Analysis","score":0.996399998664856,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13905","display_name":"Telecommunications and Broadcasting Technologies","score":0.995199978351593,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beamforming","display_name":"Beamforming","score":0.7702677249908447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wideband","display_name":"Wideband","score":0.7633761167526245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7420206665992737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/terahertz-radiation","display_name":"Terahertz radiation","score":0.6100526452064514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.46000128984451294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.42863625288009644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optoelectronics","display_name":"Optoelectronics","score":0.18892300128936768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.11392903327941895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.11164316534996033}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54197355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5782992","display_name":"Beamforming","level":2,"score":0.7702677249908447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780202535","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4524457","display_name":"Wideband","level":2,"score":0.7633761167526245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7420206665992737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107816215","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q647887","display_name":"Terahertz radiation","level":2,"score":0.6100526452064514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.46000128984451294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.42863625288009644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.18892300128936768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.11392903327941895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.11164316534996033}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jsac.2023.3288235","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsac.2023.3288235","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S90422530","display_name":"IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications","issn_l":"0733-8716","issn":["0733-8716","1558-0008"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.8600000143051147,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G282390984","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62101499","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3673891818","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021YFA1000500","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G494409627","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62101492","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6158233529","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021FZZX001-21","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7938493531","display_name":"\u667a\u80fd\u8d85\u8868\u9762\u8d4b\u80fd\u76846G \u901a\u4fe1\u611f\u77e5\u8ba1\u7b97\u4e00\u4f53\u5316\u7406\u8bba\u4e0e\u6280\u672f","funder_award_id":"LR22F010002","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338464","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322927","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338464","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":50,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1970830346","https://openalex.org/W2053521124","https://openalex.org/W2111616148","https://openalex.org/W2178870980","https://openalex.org/W2195693430","https://openalex.org/W2314562768","https://openalex.org/W2332346216","https://openalex.org/W2342114053","https://openalex.org/W2469174679","https://openalex.org/W2547350840","https://openalex.org/W2567050201","https://openalex.org/W2788350651","https://openalex.org/W2788428941","https://openalex.org/W2889503892","https://openalex.org/W2950077417","https://openalex.org/W2955897898","https://openalex.org/W2982280489","https://openalex.org/W2988443912","https://openalex.org/W3005072086","https://openalex.org/W3010025739","https://openalex.org/W3011830499","https://openalex.org/W3012004564","https://openalex.org/W3017150380","https://openalex.org/W3039789048","https://openalex.org/W3091842477","https://openalex.org/W3094164592","https://openalex.org/W3098797675","https://openalex.org/W3110673546","https://openalex.org/W3112631862","https://openalex.org/W3121978485","https://openalex.org/W3126485115","https://openalex.org/W3129486236","https://openalex.org/W3134454378","https://openalex.org/W3134746776","https://openalex.org/W3146827687","https://openalex.org/W3154003107","https://openalex.org/W3156097243","https://openalex.org/W3158743991","https://openalex.org/W3204426743","https://openalex.org/W3204925086","https://openalex.org/W4205439215","https://openalex.org/W4210539986","https://openalex.org/W4213251304","https://openalex.org/W4221166657","https://openalex.org/W4224078251","https://openalex.org/W4321021943","https://openalex.org/W4323644342","https://openalex.org/W4377971414","https://openalex.org/W6786797494","https://openalex.org/W6848223317"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2033952283","https://openalex.org/W2762687161","https://openalex.org/W2353254830","https://openalex.org/W2351210568","https://openalex.org/W2028421553","https://openalex.org/W4229079866","https://openalex.org/W2890072373","https://openalex.org/W3000002614","https://openalex.org/W2800192479","https://openalex.org/W3040184894"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Reconfigurable":[0],"intelligent":[1],"surface":[2],"(RIS)-aided":[3],"terahertz":[4],"(THz)":[5],"communications":[6],"have":[7],"been":[8],"regarded":[9],"as":[10],"a":[11,238],"promising":[12],"candidate":[13],"for":[14,195],"future":[15],"6G":[16],"networks":[17],"because":[18],"of":[19,251],"its":[20],"ultra-wide":[21],"bandwidth":[22],"and":[23,63,86,107,138,155,164,179,225,264,290],"ultra-low":[24],"power":[25],"consumption.":[26],"However,":[27],"there":[28],"exists":[29],"the":[30,36,43,60,68,76,93,105,114,122,129,136,142,146,152,176,197,207,215,234,257,261,271,280,286,292],"beam":[31,61,77,115,287],"split":[32,62,78,116,288],"problem,":[33,148],"especially":[34],"when":[35],"base":[37],"station":[38],"(BS)":[39],"or":[40],"RIS":[41,70,83],"owns":[42],"large-scale":[44],"antennas,":[45],"which":[46,243],"may":[47],"lead":[48],"to":[49,111,120,190,213,232,237,255],"serious":[50],"array":[51],"gain":[52],"loss.":[53],"Therefore,":[54],"in":[55,67],"this":[56,89],"paper,":[57],"we":[58,73,91,149,183,200,219],"investigate":[59],"beamforming":[64,101,154,178,263],"design":[65,151],"problems":[66],"THz":[69],"communications.":[71],"Specifically,":[72,194],"first":[74,150],"analyze":[75],"effect":[79,289],"caused":[80],"by":[81,126,173,247],"different":[82,160],"sizes,":[84],"shapes":[85],"deployments.":[87],"On":[88],"basis,":[90],"apply":[92,220],"fully":[94],"connected":[95],"time":[96,133,156],"delayer":[97],"phase":[98],"shifter":[99],"hybrid":[100,130],"(FC-TD-PS-HB)":[102],"architecture":[103],"at":[104,135,141],"BS":[106,137],"deploy":[108],"distributed":[109],"RISs":[110],"cooperatively":[112],"mitigate":[113],"effect.":[117],"We":[118],"aim":[119],"maximize":[121],"achievable":[123],"sum":[124],"rate":[125],"jointly":[127,174],"optimizing":[128,175],"analog/digital":[131],"beamforming,":[132],"delays":[134,157],"reflection":[139,180,198,258,265],"coefficients":[140,266],"RISs.":[143],"To":[144],"solve":[145],"formulated":[147],"analog":[153],"based":[158,205],"on":[159,206],"RISs\u2019":[161],"physical":[162],"directions,":[163],"then":[165],"it":[166],"is":[167],"transformed":[168],"into":[169],"an":[170,185,202],"optimization":[171,188],"problem":[172,236],"digital":[177,216,262],"coefficients.":[181,259],"Next,":[182],"propose":[184,201],"alternatively":[186],"iterative":[187,203],"algorithm":[189,204],"deal":[191],"with":[192],"it.":[193],"given":[196],"coefficients,":[199],"minimum":[208],"mean":[209],"square":[210],"error":[211],"technique":[212,254],"obtain":[214,256],"beamforming.":[217],"After,":[218],"Lagrangian":[221],"dual":[222],"reformulation":[223],"(LDR)":[224],"multidimensional":[226],"complex":[227],"quadratic":[228,241],"transform":[229,233],"(MCQT)":[230],"methods":[231],"original":[235],"quadratically":[239],"constrained":[240],"program,":[242],"can":[244,283],"be":[245],"solved":[246],"alternating":[248],"direction":[249],"method":[250],"multipliers":[252],"(ADMM)":[253],"Finally,":[260],"are":[267],"obtained":[268],"via":[269],"repeating":[270],"above":[272],"processes":[273],"until":[274],"convergence.":[275],"Simulation":[276],"results":[277],"verify":[278],"that":[279],"proposed":[281],"scheme":[282],"effectively":[284],"alleviate":[285],"improve":[291],"system":[293],"capacity.":[294]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":27},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8}],"updated_date":"2026-07-26T07:53:14.480251","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}