{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4376481387","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsac.2023.3275613","title":"Machine Learning Based Time Domain Millimeter-Wave Beam Prediction for 5G-Advanced and Beyond: Design, Analysis, and Over-The-Air Experiments","display_name":"Machine Learning Based Time Domain Millimeter-Wave Beam Prediction for 5G-Advanced and Beyond: Design, Analysis, and Over-The-Air Experiments","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-05-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4376481387","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsac.2023.3275613"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jsac.2023.3275613","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsac.2023.3275613","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S90422530","display_name":"IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications","issn_l":"0733-8716","issn":["0733-8716","1558-0008"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101654758","display_name":"Qiaoyu Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-6061-2985"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qiaoyu Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Qualcomm Wireless Communication Technologies (China) Ltd., Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-6061-2985","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Qualcomm Wireless Communication Technologies (China) Ltd., Beijing, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023716459","display_name":"Philip Sisk","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210087596","display_name":"Qualcomm (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/002zrf773","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210087596"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Philip Sisk","raw_affiliation_strings":["Qualcomm Technologies Inc., San Diego, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Qualcomm Technologies Inc., San Diego, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210087596"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048401950","display_name":"Arumugam Kannan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-7327-0819"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210087596","display_name":"Qualcomm (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/002zrf773","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210087596"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Arumugam Kannan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Qualcomm Technologies Inc., San Diego, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Qualcomm Technologies Inc., San Diego, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210087596"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083497481","display_name":"Taesang Yoo","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210087596","display_name":"Qualcomm (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/002zrf773","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210087596"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Taesang Yoo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Qualcomm Technologies Inc., San Diego, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Qualcomm Technologies Inc., San Diego, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210087596"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002713029","display_name":"Tao Luo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4870-5942"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210087596","display_name":"Qualcomm (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/002zrf773","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210087596"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tao Luo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Qualcomm Technologies Inc., San Diego, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Qualcomm Technologies Inc., San Diego, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210087596"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5106920244","display_name":"Gaurav Y. Shah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0210-9195"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210087596","display_name":"Qualcomm (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/002zrf773","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210087596"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gaurav Shah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Qualcomm Technologies Inc., San Diego, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Qualcomm Technologies Inc., San Diego, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210087596"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110974997","display_name":"Badri Manjunath","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210087596","display_name":"Qualcomm (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/002zrf773","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210087596"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Badri Manjunath","raw_affiliation_strings":["Qualcomm Technologies Inc., San Diego, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Qualcomm Technologies Inc., San Diego, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210087596"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045846791","display_name":"Chanaka Samarathungage","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-6919-1661"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210087596","display_name":"Qualcomm (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/002zrf773","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210087596"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chanaka Samarathungage","raw_affiliation_strings":["Qualcomm Technologies Inc., San Diego, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-6919-1661","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Qualcomm Technologies Inc., San Diego, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210087596"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045709562","display_name":"Mahmoud Taherzadeh Boroujeni","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210087596","display_name":"Qualcomm (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/002zrf773","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210087596"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mahmoud Taherzadeh Boroujeni","raw_affiliation_strings":["Qualcomm Technologies Inc., San Diego, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Qualcomm Technologies Inc., San Diego, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210087596"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006298917","display_name":"Hamed Pezeshki","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0768-9392"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210087596","display_name":"Qualcomm (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/002zrf773","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210087596"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hamed Pezeshki","raw_affiliation_strings":["Qualcomm Technologies Inc., San Diego, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0768-9392","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Qualcomm Technologies Inc., San Diego, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210087596"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039099702","display_name":"Himanshu Joshi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9728-6302"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210087596","display_name":"Qualcomm (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/002zrf773","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210087596"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Himanshu Joshi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Qualcomm Technologies Inc., Santa Clara, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Qualcomm Technologies Inc., Santa Clara, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210087596"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":11,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.8004,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":31,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93976785,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"41","issue":"6","first_page":"1787","last_page":"1809"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9945999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10262","display_name":"Microwave Engineering and Waveguides","score":0.9901000261306763,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7512651681900024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/user-equipment","display_name":"User equipment","score":0.5930913090705872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/standardization","display_name":"Standardization","score":0.5523138046264648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/3rd-generation-partnership-project-2","display_name":"3rd Generation Partnership Project 2","score":0.5001475811004639},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overhead","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","score":0.5000932216644287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extremely-high-frequency","display_name":"Extremely high frequency","score":0.4975893795490265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time-domain","display_name":"Time domain","score":0.43381398916244507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.4116193652153015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.38344335556030273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.3434597849845886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.3266954720020294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/base-station","display_name":"Base station","score":0.315877765417099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.27075862884521484}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7512651681900024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781327853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3552547","display_name":"User equipment","level":3,"score":0.5930913090705872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188087704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q369577","display_name":"Standardization","level":2,"score":0.5523138046264648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177782964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q229785","display_name":"3rd Generation Partnership Project 2","level":3,"score":0.5001475811004639},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.5000932216644287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45764600","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q570342","display_name":"Extremely high frequency","level":2,"score":0.4975893795490265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103824480","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185889","display_name":"Time domain","level":2,"score":0.43381398916244507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4116193652153015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.38344335556030273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3434597849845886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.3266954720020294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68649174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1379116","display_name":"Base station","level":2,"score":0.315877765417099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.27075862884521484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138660444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5607897","display_name":"Telecommunications link","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jsac.2023.3275613","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsac.2023.3275613","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S90422530","display_name":"IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications","issn_l":"0733-8716","issn":["0733-8716","1558-0008"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17","display_name":"Partnerships for the goals","score":0.5799999833106995}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1584244501","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2118978333","https://openalex.org/W2261663070","https://openalex.org/W2345176225","https://openalex.org/W2604992528","https://openalex.org/W2615358882","https://openalex.org/W2751147412","https://openalex.org/W2799206304","https://openalex.org/W2962691384","https://openalex.org/W2972072389","https://openalex.org/W2986470677","https://openalex.org/W3099147043","https://openalex.org/W3101675980","https://openalex.org/W3117922432","https://openalex.org/W3118245008","https://openalex.org/W3194668692","https://openalex.org/W3206184552","https://openalex.org/W3213045530","https://openalex.org/W4285106331","https://openalex.org/W4285188242","https://openalex.org/W4312841070","https://openalex.org/W4315777628","https://openalex.org/W4315783169","https://openalex.org/W4385245566","https://openalex.org/W6739901393"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4226210192","https://openalex.org/W4389401745","https://openalex.org/W3200903575","https://openalex.org/W2498294489","https://openalex.org/W2464309386","https://openalex.org/W2972380472","https://openalex.org/W2962774807","https://openalex.org/W2906408019","https://openalex.org/W2344659650","https://openalex.org/W2784475046"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Artificial":[0],"intelligence":[1],"(AI)":[2],"or":[3],"machine":[4],"learning":[5],"(ML)":[6],"based":[7,95,132,152,192],"beam":[8,42,77,99,104,114],"prediction":[9,43,100,112],"is":[10,44],"currently":[11,73],"studied":[12],"in":[13,89,137],"the":[14,165,178,182],"3rd":[15],"Generation":[16],"Partnership":[17],"Project":[18],"(3GPP)":[19],"fifth":[20],"generation":[21,35],"(5G)-Advanced":[22],"new":[23,128],"ratio":[24],"(NR)":[25],"standardization":[26,56],"for":[27,51,102,184,194],"future":[28,171,197],"commercialization":[29],"and":[30,55,66,83,113,155,173,196],"standard":[31,135],"evolution":[32],"towards":[33],"sixth":[34],"(6G)":[36],"communications,":[37],"wherein":[38],"time":[39],"domain":[40],"(TD)":[41],"an":[45],"important":[46],"use":[47],"case.":[48],"The":[49,117],"targets":[50],"such":[52,87,148],"3GPP":[53,159],"studies":[54],"are":[57,72,121],"to":[58,80],"lower":[59],"power":[60,110,179],"consumed":[61,180],"at":[62,181],"user":[63],"equipment":[64],"(UE)":[65],"reference":[67],"signal":[68],"(RS)":[69],"overhead":[70],"that":[71,164],"needed":[74],"by":[75,147],"frequent":[76],"measurements":[78],"due":[79],"UE":[81,129,156,183],"rotation":[82],"mobility.":[84],"To":[85],"meet":[86],"targets,":[88],"this":[90],"paper,":[91],"we":[92,140],"investigate":[93],"AI/ML":[94,119,149,191],"algorithms":[96,120],"facilitating":[97],"TD":[98],"suitable":[101],"5G-Advanced":[103,195],"management":[105],"(BM),":[106],"including":[107],"RS":[108],"receive":[109],"(RSRP)":[111],"change":[115],"prediction.":[116],"proposed":[118,166],"first":[122],"evaluated":[123],"through":[124],"computer":[125],"simulations":[126],"with":[127,158],"mobility":[130],"models":[131],"on":[133],"recent":[134],"evolutions":[136],"3GPP.":[138],"Then":[139],"further":[141],"present":[142],"over-the-air":[143],"test":[144],"results":[145,162],"achieved":[146],"algorithms,":[150],"using":[151],"station":[153],"(BS)":[154],"compliant":[157],"standards.":[160],"Evaluation":[161],"show":[163],"schemes":[167],"can":[168],"accurately":[169],"predict":[170],"beams":[172],"reduce":[174],"large":[175],"amount":[176],"of":[177,190],"BM,":[185],"which":[186],"also":[187],"demonstrate":[188],"feasibility":[189],"BM":[193],"6G":[198],"communications.":[199]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-12T08:23:45.883708","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
