{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4312728416","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsac.2022.3229422","title":"GNN at the Edge: Cost-Efficient Graph Neural Network Processing Over Distributed Edge Servers","display_name":"GNN at the Edge: Cost-Efficient Graph Neural Network Processing Over Distributed Edge Servers","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-12-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4312728416","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsac.2022.3229422"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jsac.2022.3229422","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsac.2022.3229422","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S90422530","display_name":"IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications","issn_l":"0733-8716","issn":["0733-8716","1558-0008"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055161955","display_name":"Liekang Zeng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4800-8768"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liekang Zeng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4800-8768","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071477872","display_name":"Chongyu Yang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chongyu Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019752881","display_name":"Peng Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1464-2242"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peng Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1464-2242","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100760218","display_name":"Zhi Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0987-9344"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhi Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0987-9344","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053629236","display_name":"Shuai Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6822-3145"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuai Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6822-3145","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100385692","display_name":"Xu Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9943-6020"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xu Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9943-6020","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"],"apc_list":{"value":2195,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2195},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.1629,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":56,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96855014,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"41","issue":"3","first_page":"720","last_page":"739"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11273","display_name":"Advanced Graph Neural Networks","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11273","display_name":"Advanced Graph Neural Networks","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12702","display_name":"Brain Tumor Detection and Classification","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2808","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8711966872215271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/server","display_name":"Server","score":0.7184323668479919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enhanced-data-rates-for-gsm-evolution","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","score":0.5373939275741577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.47214794158935547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph","display_name":"Graph","score":0.43092501163482666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.41988232731819153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.38157325983047485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.2424931824207306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.19607752561569214}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8711966872215271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93996380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44127","display_name":"Server","level":2,"score":0.7184323668479919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.5373939275741577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.47214794158935547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.43092501163482666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.41988232731819153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.38157325983047485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.2424931824207306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.19607752561569214}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jsac.2022.3229422","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsac.2022.3229422","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S90422530","display_name":"IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications","issn_l":"0733-8716","issn":["0733-8716","1558-0008"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3583843466","display_name":"\u9762\u5411\u79fb\u52a8\u5927\u6570\u636e\u5e94\u7528\u7684\u591a\u5c42\u6b21\u878d\u5408\u9ad8\u6548\u8fb9\u7f18\u8ba1\u7b97\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"61972432","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G645405385","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U20A20159","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6482157743","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021B151520008","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337111","funder_display_name":"Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G969433377","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2017GC010465","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334009","funder_display_name":"Guangdong Provincial Pearl River Talents Program"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334009","display_name":"Guangdong Provincial Pearl River Talents Program","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337111","display_name":"Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":111,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W893486657","https://openalex.org/W1576820654","https://openalex.org/W1578015699","https://openalex.org/W1983383464","https://openalex.org/W2044033476","https://openalex.org/W2045271686","https://openalex.org/W2064058256","https://openalex.org/W2090827575","https://openalex.org/W2101309634","https://openalex.org/W2139041001","https://openalex.org/W2150593711","https://openalex.org/W2157054705","https://openalex.org/W2162528816","https://openalex.org/W2416799949","https://openalex.org/W2500139799","https://openalex.org/W2612193523","https://openalex.org/W2809740924","https://openalex.org/W2883863832","https://openalex.org/W2892341857","https://openalex.org/W2896180420","https://openalex.org/W2903798343","https://openalex.org/W2903871660","https://openalex.org/W2905224888","https://openalex.org/W2907492528","https://openalex.org/W2910151919","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W2950865323","https://openalex.org/W2955979265","https://openalex.org/W2962883027","https://openalex.org/W2964571482","https://openalex.org/W2970929262","https://openalex.org/W2979679572","https://openalex.org/W2980856918","https://openalex.org/W2982579831","https://openalex.org/W2995022099","https://openalex.org/W3010622806","https://openalex.org/W3011667710","https://openalex.org/W3012562343","https://openalex.org/W3014252079","https://openalex.org/W3014442548","https://openalex.org/W3015689570","https://openalex.org/W3017228913","https://openalex.org/W3022945404","https://openalex.org/W3024560045","https://openalex.org/W3034326350","https://openalex.org/W3037702327","https://openalex.org/W3040329870","https://openalex.org/W3042370959","https://openalex.org/W3049640275","https://openalex.org/W3068123808","https://openalex.org/W3083006614","https://openalex.org/W3086238199","https://openalex.org/W3092080090","https://openalex.org/W3093741743","https://openalex.org/W3099825604","https://openalex.org/W3102767875","https://openalex.org/W3102969158","https://openalex.org/W3103720336","https://openalex.org/W3110777925","https://openalex.org/W3110987679","https://openalex.org/W3119015011","https://openalex.org/W3123909522","https://openalex.org/W3126230197","https://openalex.org/W3130421533","https://openalex.org/W3132522414","https://openalex.org/W3133028082","https://openalex.org/W3137762252","https://openalex.org/W3154667344","https://openalex.org/W3154818219","https://openalex.org/W3157805807","https://openalex.org/W3158027451","https://openalex.org/W3159109662","https://openalex.org/W3159953606","https://openalex.org/W3173386267","https://openalex.org/W3180608480","https://openalex.org/W3198787693","https://openalex.org/W3211830369","https://openalex.org/W4205645269","https://openalex.org/W4206495448","https://openalex.org/W4214578516","https://openalex.org/W4221148881","https://openalex.org/W4224322855","https://openalex.org/W4236099117","https://openalex.org/W4281686206","https://openalex.org/W4287890958","https://openalex.org/W4290945652","https://openalex.org/W4292873626","https://openalex.org/W4311080353","https://openalex.org/W6636510571","https://openalex.org/W6726873649","https://openalex.org/W6738964360","https://openalex.org/W6745537798","https://openalex.org/W6746015598","https://openalex.org/W6756248755","https://openalex.org/W6757374366","https://openalex.org/W6760045743","https://openalex.org/W6764171799","https://openalex.org/W6775697537","https://openalex.org/W6779909149","https://openalex.org/W6781517504","https://openalex.org/W6783533280","https://openalex.org/W6785773631","https://openalex.org/W6787066409","https://openalex.org/W6787716089","https://openalex.org/W6794274047","https://openalex.org/W6795324226","https://openalex.org/W6796463805","https://openalex.org/W6796909790","https://openalex.org/W6797220997","https://openalex.org/W6810104323","https://openalex.org/W6810345027"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2092530219","https://openalex.org/W2388464034","https://openalex.org/W2533125852","https://openalex.org/W2140460949","https://openalex.org/W2105580438","https://openalex.org/W2057435755","https://openalex.org/W3121798572","https://openalex.org/W2018782216","https://openalex.org/W2101552690","https://openalex.org/W2770877918"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Edge":[0],"intelligence":[1],"has":[2,23],"arisen":[3],"as":[4,57],"a":[5,48,81,88,95,106,220],"promising":[6],"computing":[7,139],"paradigm":[8],"for":[9,29,76,189],"supporting":[10],"miscellaneous":[11],"smart":[12],"applications":[13],"that":[14,92,112,156,203],"rely":[15],"on":[16,102],"machine":[17],"learning":[18,32],"techniques.":[19],"While":[20],"the":[21,37,73,129],"community":[22],"extensively":[24],"investigated":[25],"multi-tier":[26,82],"edge":[27,54,84],"deployment":[28],"traditional":[30,122],"deep":[31],"models":[33],"(e.g.":[34],"CNNs,":[35],"RNNs),":[36],"emerging":[38],"Graph":[39],"Neural":[40],"Networks":[41],"(GNNs)":[42],"are":[43],"still":[44],"under":[45],"exploration,":[46],"presenting":[47],"stark":[49],"disparity":[50],"to":[51,115],"its":[52],"broad":[53],"adoptions":[55],"such":[56],"traffic":[58],"flow":[59],"forecasting":[60],"and":[61,165,184,198],"location-based":[62],"social":[63],"recommendation.":[64],"To":[65,168],"bridge":[66],"this":[67,69],"gap,":[68],"paper":[70],"formally":[71],"studies":[72],"cost":[74,99,217],"optimization":[75,110],"distributed":[77],"GNN":[78,175,200],"processing":[79],"over":[80,209],"heterogeneous":[83],"network.":[85],"We":[86],"build":[87],"comprehensive":[89],"modeling":[90],"framework":[91],"can":[93],"capture":[94],"variety":[96],"of":[97,119,132,145],"different":[98],"factors,":[100],"based":[101],"which":[103,141],"we":[104,126,177],"formulate":[105],"cost-efficient":[107],"graph":[108,151,171],"layout":[109,192],"problem":[111],"is":[113],"proved":[114],"be":[116],"NP-hard.":[117],"Instead":[118],"trivially":[120],"applying":[121],"data":[123],"placement":[124],"wisdom,":[125],"theoretically":[127],"reveal":[128],"structural":[130],"property":[131],"quadratic":[133],"submodularity":[134],"implicated":[135],"in":[136,174,219],"GNN\u2019s":[137],"unique":[138],"pattern,":[140],"motivates":[142],"our":[143,204],"design":[144],"an":[146,180,185],"efficient":[147],"iterative":[148],"solution":[149],"exploiting":[150],"cuts.":[152],"Rigorous":[153],"analysis":[154],"shows":[155],"it":[157],"provides":[158],"parameterized":[159],"constant":[160],"approximation":[161],"ratio,":[162],"guaranteed":[163],"convergence,":[164],"exact":[166],"feasibility.":[167],"tackle":[169],"potential":[170],"topological":[172],"evolution":[173],"processing,":[176],"further":[178],"devise":[179],"incremental":[181],"update":[182],"strategy":[183],"adaptive":[186],"scheduling":[187],"algorithm":[188],"lightweight":[190],"dynamic":[191],"optimization.":[193],"Evaluations":[194],"with":[195,213],"real-world":[196],"datasets":[197],"various":[199],"benchmarks":[201],"demonstrate":[202],"approach":[205],"achieves":[206],"superior":[207],"performance":[208],"de":[210],"facto":[211],"baselines":[212],"more":[214],"than":[215],"95.8%":[216],"reduction":[218],"fast":[221],"convergence":[222],"speed.":[223]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-08-28T12:50:07.497085","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}