{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3203503583","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsac.2021.3118435","title":"FedSA: A Semi-Asynchronous Federated Learning Mechanism in Heterogeneous Edge Computing","display_name":"FedSA: A Semi-Asynchronous Federated Learning Mechanism in Heterogeneous Edge Computing","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-10-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3203503583","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsac.2021.3118435","mag":"3203503583"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jsac.2021.3118435","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsac.2021.3118435","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S90422530","display_name":"IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications","issn_l":"0733-8716","issn":["0733-8716","1558-0008"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090508439","display_name":"Qianpiao Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8684-3495"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qianpiao Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China","Suzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8684-3495","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Suzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018803737","display_name":"Yang Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0839-3892"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China","Suzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0839-3892","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Suzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063184427","display_name":"Hongli Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3831-4577"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongli Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China","Suzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Suzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052014893","display_name":"Zhida Jiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7338-0724"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhida Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China","Suzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Suzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019604942","display_name":"Liusheng Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8417-3256"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liusheng Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China","Suzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Suzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101998852","display_name":"He Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2768-6607"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3923682","display_name":"Soochow University","ror":"https://ror.org/05t8y2r12","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3923682"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"He Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2768-6607","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3923682"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":19.1129,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":211,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99492679,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"39","issue":"12","first_page":"3654","last_page":"3672"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11612","display_name":"Stochastic Gradient Optimization Techniques","score":0.9944000244140625,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13553","display_name":"Age of Information Optimization","score":0.9925000071525574,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8367339372634888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/asynchronous-communication","display_name":"Asynchronous communication","score":0.8218477368354797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enhanced-data-rates-for-gsm-evolution","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","score":0.6776065230369568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convergence","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","score":0.6042773723602295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resource-consumption","display_name":"Resource consumption","score":0.47525593638420105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4709433317184448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/upper-and-lower-bounds","display_name":"Upper and lower bounds","score":0.4242340326309204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.42203956842422485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constraint","display_name":"Constraint (computer-aided design)","score":0.41982099413871765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.3311411142349243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.3290107548236847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.15104860067367554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.09293630719184875}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8367339372634888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151319957","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q752739","display_name":"Asynchronous communication","level":2,"score":0.8218477368354797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.6776065230369568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777303404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759757","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","level":2,"score":0.6042773723602295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777480716","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23582796","display_name":"Resource consumption","level":2,"score":0.47525593638420105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4709433317184448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77553402","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13222579","display_name":"Upper and lower bounds","level":2,"score":0.4242340326309204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.42203956842422485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776036281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48769818","display_name":"Constraint (computer-aided design)","level":2,"score":0.41982099413871765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.3311411142349243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.3290107548236847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.15104860067367554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.09293630719184875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jsac.2021.3118435","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsac.2021.3118435","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S90422530","display_name":"IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications","issn_l":"0733-8716","issn":["0733-8716","1558-0008"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5400000214576721,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","display_name":"Decent work and economic growth"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1785345862","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62102391","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3301288343","display_name":"\u8fb9\u7f18\u667a\u80fd\u67b6\u6784\u4e2d\u8d44\u6e90\u4f18\u5316\u5206\u914d\u5173\u952e\u6280\u672f\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"61936015","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6402226090","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U1709217","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G645416012","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62132019","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":56,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W134960717","https://openalex.org/W607505555","https://openalex.org/W2016937404","https://openalex.org/W2060393849","https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W2127941149","https://openalex.org/W2131496831","https://openalex.org/W2498119267","https://openalex.org/W2530417694","https://openalex.org/W2541884796","https://openalex.org/W2603810864","https://openalex.org/W2618530766","https://openalex.org/W2624989916","https://openalex.org/W2755775376","https://openalex.org/W2793925626","https://openalex.org/W2798720628","https://openalex.org/W2807006176","https://openalex.org/W2888561381","https://openalex.org/W2912592113","https://openalex.org/W2914328083","https://openalex.org/W2921434559","https://openalex.org/W2962688627","https://openalex.org/W2962788286","https://openalex.org/W2963191611","https://openalex.org/W2963318081","https://openalex.org/W2966683668","https://openalex.org/W2974175488","https://openalex.org/W2978709794","https://openalex.org/W2989289980","https://openalex.org/W3004277316","https://openalex.org/W3038022836","https://openalex.org/W3038426846","https://openalex.org/W3047040053","https://openalex.org/W3047304572","https://openalex.org/W3093034895","https://openalex.org/W3102449016","https://openalex.org/W3105122387","https://openalex.org/W3106416029","https://openalex.org/W3118608800","https://openalex.org/W3135099698","https://openalex.org/W3136022984","https://openalex.org/W3141595720","https://openalex.org/W3200806020","https://openalex.org/W3212066104","https://openalex.org/W4236362309","https://openalex.org/W4318619660","https://openalex.org/W6605479355","https://openalex.org/W6679154944","https://openalex.org/W6728757088","https://openalex.org/W6752029299","https://openalex.org/W6754143808","https://openalex.org/W6758757267","https://openalex.org/W6759238902","https://openalex.org/W6760214840","https://openalex.org/W6784363649","https://openalex.org/W6784479114"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2116677773","https://openalex.org/W2155261584","https://openalex.org/W2584231425","https://openalex.org/W2150611273","https://openalex.org/W4207086172","https://openalex.org/W2042919702","https://openalex.org/W4225981436","https://openalex.org/W2156185805","https://openalex.org/W2770353918","https://openalex.org/W2122502560"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Federated":[0],"learning":[1,6,102,193,212],"(FL)":[2],"involves":[3],"training":[4,88,178,185],"machine":[5],"models":[7,115],"over":[8],"distributed":[9],"edge":[10,23,52,61,156],"nodes":[11],"(":[12],"<italic":[13,138],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[14,139],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">i.e.</i>":[15],",":[16,141],"workers)":[17],"while":[18],"facing":[19],"three":[20,229],"critical":[21],"challenges,":[22],"heterogeneity,":[24,62],"Non-IID":[25,92,154,188],"data":[26,153],"and":[27,135,155,210,225],"communication":[28,71],"resource":[29,72],"constraint.":[30],"In":[31,94],"the":[32,35,42,60,75,106,126,130,142,150,160,170,177,184,208,218,228,234],"synchronous":[33],"FL,":[34],"parameter":[36,107],"server":[37,108],"has":[38],"to":[39,46,51,168,175,207],"wait":[40],"for":[41,195],"slowest":[43],"workers,":[44],"leading":[45],"significant":[47],"waiting":[48],"time":[49],"due":[50],"heterogeneity.":[53,157],"Though":[54],"asynchronous":[55,83],"FL":[56],"can":[57],"well":[58],"tackle":[59],"it":[63],"requires":[64],"frequent":[65],"model":[66],"transfers,":[67],"resulting":[68],"in":[69,82,120,147],"massive":[70],"consumption.":[73],"Moreover,":[74],"different":[76,136],"relative":[77,199],"frequency":[78],"of":[79,113,133,144,152,172],"workers":[80,146,174,196],"participating":[81,145,173],"updating":[84],"may":[85],"seriously":[86],"hurt":[87],"accuracy,":[89],"especially":[90],"on":[91,159,187,217],"data.":[93],"this":[95],"paper,":[96],"we":[97,163],"propose":[98],"a":[99,110],"semi-asynchronous":[100],"federated":[101],"mechanism":[103,206,224],"(FedSA),":[104],"where":[105],"aggregates":[109],"certain":[111],"number":[112,143,171],"local":[114],"by":[116,197],"their":[117,198],"arrival":[118],"order":[119],"each":[121,148],"round.":[122],"We":[123,202],"theoretically":[124],"analyze":[125],"quantitative":[127],"relationship":[128],"between":[129],"convergence":[131,161],"bound":[132],"FedSA":[134,190],"factors,":[137],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">e.g.</i>":[140],"round,":[149],"degree":[151],"Based":[158],"bound,":[162],"present":[164],"an":[165],"efficient":[166],"algorithm":[167],"determine":[169],"minimize":[176],"completion":[179],"time.":[180],"To":[181],"further":[182],"improve":[183],"accuracy":[186],"data,":[189],"deploys":[191],"adaptive":[192],"rates":[194],"participation":[200],"frequency.":[201],"extend":[203],"our":[204,222],"proposed":[205,223],"dynamic":[209],"multiple":[211],"tasks":[213],"scenarios.":[214],"Experimental":[215],"results":[216],"testbed":[219],"show":[220],"that":[221],"algorithms":[226],"address":[227],"challenges":[230],"more":[231],"effectively":[232],"than":[233],"state-of-the-art":[235],"solutions.":[236]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":47},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":71},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":56},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-18T07:39:51.176621","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}