{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3081729309","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsac.2020.3020657","title":"Pulmonary Nodule Classification Based on Heterogeneous Features Learning","display_name":"Pulmonary Nodule Classification Based on Heterogeneous Features Learning","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-08-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3081729309","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsac.2020.3020657","mag":"3081729309"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jsac.2020.3020657","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsac.2020.3020657","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S90422530","display_name":"IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications","issn_l":"0733-8716","issn":["0733-8716","1558-0008"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://e-space.mmu.ac.uk/626674/1/2020-%20IEEE%20JSAC-%20Pulmonary%20Nodule%20Classification%20Based%20on.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038117386","display_name":"Chao Tong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4414-4965"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Chao Tong","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082007071","display_name":"Baoyu Liang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2365-589X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Baoyu Liang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101853412","display_name":"Qiang Su","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6398-632X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183519381","display_name":"Capital Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/013xs5b60","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183519381"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210147433","display_name":"Beijing Friendship Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/053qy4437","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210147433"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qiang Su","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Oncology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Oncology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210147433","https://openalex.org/I183519381"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040133051","display_name":"Mengbo Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-5243-2430"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mengbo Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036405065","display_name":"Jiexuan Hu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183519381","display_name":"Capital Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/013xs5b60","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183519381"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210147433","display_name":"Beijing Friendship Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/053qy4437","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210147433"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiexuan Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Oncology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Oncology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210147433","https://openalex.org/I183519381"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088617561","display_name":"Ali Kashif Bashir","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2601-9327"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I11983389","display_name":"Manchester Metropolitan University","ror":"https://ror.org/02hstj355","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11983389"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I929597975","display_name":"National University of Sciences and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03w2j5y17","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}],"countries":["GB","PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ali Kashif Bashir","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computing and Mathematics, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, U.K","School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computing and Mathematics, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11983389"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014710797","display_name":"Zhigao Zheng","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhigao Zheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5038117386"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.9234,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":53,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95264353,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"39","issue":"2","first_page":"574","last_page":"581"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10202","display_name":"Lung Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10202","display_name":"Lung Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12422","display_name":"Radiomics and Machine Learning in Medical Imaging","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11775","display_name":"COVID-19 diagnosis using AI","score":0.9848999977111816,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7834587097167969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7057230472564697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.6596248745918274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.6293658018112183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lung-cancer","display_name":"Lung cancer","score":0.5956632494926453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.5408836007118225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.5256059169769287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kernel","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","score":0.5178818702697754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.49594029784202576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-aided-diagnosis","display_name":"Computer-aided diagnosis","score":0.4742695093154907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4688495397567749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.4677125811576843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nodule","display_name":"Nodule (geology)","score":0.46605855226516724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.44791942834854126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pathology","display_name":"Pathology","score":0.17980659008026123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.17725497484207153}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7834587097167969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7057230472564697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.6596248745918274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.6293658018112183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776256026","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47912","display_name":"Lung cancer","level":2,"score":0.5956632494926453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.5408836007118225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5256059169769287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74193536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q574844","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","level":2,"score":0.5178818702697754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.49594029784202576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779549770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1122413","display_name":"Computer-aided diagnosis","level":2,"score":0.4742695093154907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4688495397567749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.4677125811576843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776731575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2916245","display_name":"Nodule (geology)","level":2,"score":0.46605855226516724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.44791942834854126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.17980659008026123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.17725497484207153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jsac.2020.3020657","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsac.2020.3020657","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S90422530","display_name":"IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications","issn_l":"0733-8716","issn":["0733-8716","1558-0008"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:e-space.mmu.ac.uk:626674","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":"https://e-space.mmu.ac.uk/626674/1/2020-%20IEEE%20JSAC-%20Pulmonary%20Nodule%20Classification%20Based%20on.pdf","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"PeerReviewed"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:e-space.mmu.ac.uk:626674","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":"https://e-space.mmu.ac.uk/626674/1/2020-%20IEEE%20JSAC-%20Pulmonary%20Nodule%20Classification%20Based%20on.pdf","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"PeerReviewed"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8799999952316284,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8028350879","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"KZ202010025047","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321572","funder_display_name":"Beijing Municipal Commission of Education"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321572","display_name":"Beijing Municipal Commission of Education","ror":"https://ror.org/04bpn6s66"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322919","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3081729309.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":49,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W948663339","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1832115302","https://openalex.org/W1898227994","https://openalex.org/W1994208258","https://openalex.org/W2005992530","https://openalex.org/W2020089990","https://openalex.org/W2031823405","https://openalex.org/W2038037430","https://openalex.org/W2060166505","https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W2112971584","https://openalex.org/W2114175038","https://openalex.org/W2114374668","https://openalex.org/W2151695813","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2208036992","https://openalex.org/W2240362895","https://openalex.org/W2321602955","https://openalex.org/W2344887191","https://openalex.org/W2394599079","https://openalex.org/W2524399695","https://openalex.org/W2598574140","https://openalex.org/W2607444182","https://openalex.org/W2611213375","https://openalex.org/W2626997132","https://openalex.org/W2743008510","https://openalex.org/W2766353760","https://openalex.org/W2770008296","https://openalex.org/W2770853452","https://openalex.org/W2791170775","https://openalex.org/W2791187255","https://openalex.org/W2791496413","https://openalex.org/W2809124410","https://openalex.org/W2889646458","https://openalex.org/W2892036933","https://openalex.org/W2896457183","https://openalex.org/W2899104010","https://openalex.org/W2899342928","https://openalex.org/W2963341956","https://openalex.org/W2963616706","https://openalex.org/W3104684223","https://openalex.org/W4242031852","https://openalex.org/W6637373629","https://openalex.org/W6684191040","https://openalex.org/W6690201503","https://openalex.org/W6735169947","https://openalex.org/W6755207826"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4312417841","https://openalex.org/W4321369474","https://openalex.org/W4299822940","https://openalex.org/W2279398222","https://openalex.org/W2336974148","https://openalex.org/W3156786002","https://openalex.org/W4366492315","https://openalex.org/W2546942002","https://openalex.org/W2946016983","https://openalex.org/W4310880831"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Pulmonary":[0],"cancer":[1,23,93],"is":[2,106],"one":[3],"of":[4,21,39,86,129,138,144],"the":[5,27,37,76,83,111,116,127,130,136,142],"most":[6],"dangerous":[7],"cancers":[8],"with":[9,65,121],"a":[10,46,100],"high":[11],"incidence":[12],"and":[13,19,60,92,115,135],"mortality.":[14],"An":[15],"early":[16],"accurate":[17],"diagnosis":[18,32,51],"treatment":[20],"pulmonary":[22],"can":[24,34],"observably":[25],"increase":[26],"survival":[28],"rates,":[29],"where":[30],"computer-aided":[31],"systems":[33],"largely":[35],"improve":[36],"efficiency":[38],"radiologists.":[40],"In":[41],"this":[42],"article,":[43],"we":[44],"propose":[45],"deep":[47],"automated":[48],"lung":[49,145],"nodule":[50,146],"system":[52,72],"based":[53],"on":[54],"three-dimensional":[55],"convolutional":[56],"neural":[57],"network":[58],"(3D-CNN)":[59],"support":[61],"vector":[62],"machine":[63],"(SVM)":[64],"multiple":[66],"kernel":[67],"learning":[68],"(MKL)":[69],"algorithms.":[70],"The":[71,123],"not":[73],"only":[74],"explores":[75],"computed":[77],"tomography":[78],"(CT)":[79],"scans,":[80],"but":[81],"also":[82],"clinical":[84,117],"information":[85],"patients":[87],"like":[88],"age,":[89],"smoking":[90],"history":[91],"history.":[94],"To":[95],"extract":[96],"deeper":[97],"image":[98,113,132],"features,":[99],"34-layers":[101],"3D":[102],"Residual":[103],"Network":[104],"(3D-ResNet)":[105],"employed.":[107],"Heterogeneous":[108],"features":[109,114,140],"including":[110],"extracted":[112],"data":[118],"are":[119],"learned":[120],"MKL.":[122],"experimental":[124],"results":[125],"prove":[126],"effectiveness":[128],"proposed":[131],"feature":[133],"extractor":[134],"combination":[137],"heterogeneous":[139],"in":[141],"task":[143],"diagnosis.":[147]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":13}],"updated_date":"2026-04-05T17:49:38.594831","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
