{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2999978220","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsac.2020.3000877","title":"Spatially-Stationary Model for Holographic MIMO Small-Scale Fading","display_name":"Spatially-Stationary Model for Holographic MIMO Small-Scale Fading","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-06-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2999978220","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsac.2020.3000877","mag":"2999978220"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jsac.2020.3000877","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsac.2020.3000877","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S90422530","display_name":"IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications","issn_l":"0733-8716","issn":["0733-8716","1558-0008"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1911.04853","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018538891","display_name":"Andrea Pizzo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6350-591X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102475099","display_name":"Sup\u00e9lec","ror":"https://ror.org/00n7gwn90","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102475099"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I15196421","display_name":"University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland","ror":"https://ror.org/05ep8g269","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I15196421"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210102264","display_name":"Shandong University of Political Science and Law","ror":"https://ror.org/01b2j5886","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210102264"]}],"countries":["CH","CN","FR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Andrea Pizzo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, USA","New York University<sup>**</sup>"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, USA","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"New York University<sup>**</sup>","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I15196421","https://openalex.org/I4210102264","https://openalex.org/I102475099"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014805999","display_name":"Thomas L. Marzetta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9105-405X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102475099","display_name":"Sup\u00e9lec","ror":"https://ror.org/00n7gwn90","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102475099"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I15196421","display_name":"University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland","ror":"https://ror.org/05ep8g269","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I15196421"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210102264","display_name":"Shandong University of Political Science and Law","ror":"https://ror.org/01b2j5886","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210102264"]}],"countries":["CH","CN","FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas L. Marzetta","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, USA","New York University<sup>**</sup>"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, USA","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"New York University<sup>**</sup>","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I15196421","https://openalex.org/I4210102264","https://openalex.org/I102475099"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063635284","display_name":"Luca Sanguinetti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2577-4091"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108290504","display_name":"University of Pisa","ror":"https://ror.org/03ad39j10","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luca Sanguinetti","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell\u2019Informazione, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy","University of Pisa"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell\u2019Informazione, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Pisa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5018538891"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102475099","https://openalex.org/I15196421","https://openalex.org/I4210102264"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":9.4356,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97313831,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"38","issue":"9","first_page":"1964","last_page":"1979"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10069","display_name":"Antenna Design and Analysis","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10069","display_name":"Antenna Design and Analysis","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11946","display_name":"Antenna Design and Optimization","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fading","display_name":"Fading","score":0.628429651260376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fourier-transform","display_name":"Fourier transform","score":0.551718533039093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discretization","display_name":"Discretization","score":0.4658224284648895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistical-physics","display_name":"Statistical physics","score":0.46170005202293396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/helmholtz-equation","display_name":"Helmholtz equation","score":0.4547700881958008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalar","display_name":"Scalar (mathematics)","score":0.41106054186820984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.3796757459640503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3591865599155426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-analysis","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","score":0.27970629930496216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.26718422770500183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.21434351801872253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.1935083270072937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geometry","display_name":"Geometry","score":0.15819835662841797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/boundary-value-problem","display_name":"Boundary value problem","score":0.13399147987365723}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81978471","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1196572","display_name":"Fading","level":3,"score":0.628429651260376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102519508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6520159","display_name":"Fourier transform","level":2,"score":0.551718533039093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73000952","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17007827","display_name":"Discretization","level":2,"score":0.4658224284648895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121864883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q677916","display_name":"Statistical physics","level":1,"score":0.46170005202293396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18591234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860615","display_name":"Helmholtz equation","level":3,"score":0.4547700881958008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57691317","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1289248","display_name":"Scalar (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.41106054186820984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3796757459640503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3591865599155426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.27970629930496216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.26718422770500183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.21434351801872253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.1935083270072937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.15819835662841797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182310444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1332643","display_name":"Boundary value problem","level":2,"score":0.13399147987365723}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jsac.2020.3000877","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsac.2020.3000877","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S90422530","display_name":"IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications","issn_l":"0733-8716","issn":["0733-8716","1558-0008"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1911.04853","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1911.04853","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1911.04853","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:2999978220","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1911.04853.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","raw_type":null},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.1911.04853","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1911.04853","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1911.04853","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1911.04853","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1911.04853","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9100000262260437,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2999978220.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2999978220.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W599939251","https://openalex.org/W1508642566","https://openalex.org/W1518945650","https://openalex.org/W1520664314","https://openalex.org/W1536002026","https://openalex.org/W1594450126","https://openalex.org/W1659232114","https://openalex.org/W1971443733","https://openalex.org/W1983596647","https://openalex.org/W1997834106","https://openalex.org/W2013546591","https://openalex.org/W2057977496","https://openalex.org/W2071723512","https://openalex.org/W2084304524","https://openalex.org/W2120302973","https://openalex.org/W2124164696","https://openalex.org/W2139794367","https://openalex.org/W2146318236","https://openalex.org/W2147016173","https://openalex.org/W2147056723","https://openalex.org/W2147601077","https://openalex.org/W2148821618","https://openalex.org/W2150674747","https://openalex.org/W2159995098","https://openalex.org/W2164197394","https://openalex.org/W2166064468","https://openalex.org/W2561146563","https://openalex.org/W2590981961","https://openalex.org/W2610968021","https://openalex.org/W2735938380","https://openalex.org/W2743714708","https://openalex.org/W2770606349","https://openalex.org/W2772423203","https://openalex.org/W2885493289","https://openalex.org/W2903983414","https://openalex.org/W2922628385","https://openalex.org/W2929906584","https://openalex.org/W2963673880","https://openalex.org/W2979317621","https://openalex.org/W2995136929","https://openalex.org/W3016843226","https://openalex.org/W3047143523","https://openalex.org/W3103991257","https://openalex.org/W6637234506","https://openalex.org/W6769721926"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2984997086","https://openalex.org/W3204777656","https://openalex.org/W3159492831","https://openalex.org/W3148236571","https://openalex.org/W2183038006","https://openalex.org/W1974570044","https://openalex.org/W2791105569","https://openalex.org/W1579992943","https://openalex.org/W1992769406","https://openalex.org/W3104115117","https://openalex.org/W2897513004","https://openalex.org/W3115630767","https://openalex.org/W3196903455","https://openalex.org/W2006395319","https://openalex.org/W121915503","https://openalex.org/W3137972660","https://openalex.org/W2895003109","https://openalex.org/W3177174428","https://openalex.org/W1912168549","https://openalex.org/W8622675"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Imagine":[0],"an":[1],"array":[2,39],"with":[3,154,218],"a":[4,13,19,37,73,111,132,164,176,185,192,199],"massive":[5],"(possibly":[6],"uncountably":[7],"infinite)":[8],"number":[9],"of":[10,21,31,71,79,170,206,222],"antennas":[11],"in":[12,99,124],"compact":[14,212],"space.":[15],"We":[16],"refer":[17],"to":[18,40,91,109,163,203],"system":[20],"this":[22,115,183],"sort":[23],"as":[24,131,175,191],"Holographic":[25],"MIMO.":[26],"Given":[27],"the":[28,67,77,92,121,125,149,155,171,189,207,219],"impressive":[29],"properties":[30],"Massive":[32],"MIMO,":[33],"one":[34],"might":[35],"expect":[36],"holographic":[38],"realize":[41],"extreme":[42],"spatial":[43],"resolution,":[44],"incredible":[45],"energy":[46],"efficiency,":[47],"and":[48,69,82,127,135,167,226],"unprecedented":[49],"spectral":[50,179],"efficiency.":[51],"At":[52],"present,":[53],"however,":[54],"its":[55],"fundamental":[56],"limits":[57],"have":[58],"not":[59],"been":[60],"conclusively":[61],"established.":[62],"A":[63,141],"major":[64],"challenge":[65],"for":[66,103,188],"analysis":[68],"understanding":[70],"such":[72],"paradigm":[74],"shift":[75],"is":[76,144,214],"lack":[78],"mathematically":[80],"tractable":[81,104],"numerically":[83],"reproducible":[84],"channel":[85],"models":[86,97],"that":[87,148],"retain":[88],"some":[89],"semblance":[90],"physical":[93,96],"reality.":[94],"Detailed":[95],"are,":[98],"general,":[100],"too":[101],"complex":[102],"analysis.":[105],"This":[106,159],"paper":[107],"aims":[108],"take":[110],"closer":[112],"look":[113],"at":[114],"interdisciplinary":[116],"challenge.":[117],"Particularly,":[118],"we":[119,128],"consider":[120],"small-scale":[122,173,208],"fading":[123,174,209],"far-field,":[126],"model":[129],"it":[130],"zero-mean,":[133],"spatially-stationary,":[134],"correlated":[136],"Gaussian":[137],"scalar":[138,156],"random":[139,150],"field.":[140],"physically-meaningful":[142],"correlation":[143],"obtained":[145],"by":[146],"requiring":[147],"field":[151,190],"be":[152],"consistent":[153],"Helmholtz":[157],"equation.":[158],"formulation":[160],"leads":[161],"directly":[162],"rather":[165],"simple":[166],"exact":[168],"description":[169],"three-dimensional":[172],"Fourier":[177,193,227],"plane-wave":[178,194],"representation.":[180],"Suitably":[181],"discretized,":[182],"yields":[184],"discrete":[186],"representation":[187],"series":[195],"expansion,":[196],"from":[197],"which":[198],"computationally":[200],"efficient":[201],"way":[202],"generate":[204],"samples":[205],"over":[210],"spatially-constrained":[211],"spaces":[213],"developed.":[215],"The":[216],"connections":[217],"conventional":[220],"tools":[221],"linear":[223],"systems":[224],"theory":[225],"transform":[228],"are":[229],"thoroughly":[230],"discussed.":[231]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}