{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2903675120","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsac.2019.2933970","title":"Machine Learning for In-Region Location Verification in Wireless Networks","display_name":"Machine Learning for In-Region Location Verification in Wireless Networks","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-08-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2903675120","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsac.2019.2933970","mag":"2903675120"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jsac.2019.2933970","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsac.2019.2933970","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S90422530","display_name":"IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications","issn_l":"0733-8716","issn":["0733-8716","1558-0008"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1812.07853","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070886054","display_name":"Alessandro Brighente","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6138-2995"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138689650","display_name":"University of Padua","ror":"https://ror.org/00240q980","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138689650"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alessandro Brighente","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, Padua, Italy","[Dept. of Inf. Eng., Univ. of Padova, Padua, Italy]"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6138-2995","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, Padua, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138689650"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Dept. of Inf. Eng., Univ. of Padova, Padua, Italy]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138689650"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039934282","display_name":"Francesco Formaggio","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3456-1557"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138689650","display_name":"University of Padua","ror":"https://ror.org/00240q980","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138689650"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Francesco Formaggio","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, Padua, Italy","[Dept. of Inf. Eng., Univ. of Padova, Padua, Italy]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, Padua, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138689650"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Dept. of Inf. Eng., Univ. of Padova, Padua, Italy]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138689650"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052334463","display_name":"Giorgio Maria Di Nunzio","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9709-6392"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138689650","display_name":"University of Padua","ror":"https://ror.org/00240q980","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138689650"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Giorgio Maria Di Nunzio","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, Padua, Italy","[Dept. of Inf. Eng., Univ. of Padova, Padua, Italy]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, Padua, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138689650"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Dept. of Inf. Eng., Univ. of Padova, Padua, Italy]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138689650"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076790432","display_name":"Stefano Tomasin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3253-6793"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138689650","display_name":"University of Padua","ror":"https://ror.org/00240q980","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138689650"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stefano Tomasin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, Padua, Italy","[Dept. of Inf. Eng., Univ. of Padova, Padua, Italy]"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3253-6793","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, Padua, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138689650"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Dept. of Inf. Eng., Univ. of Padova, Padua, Italy]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138689650"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138689650"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.00853587,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"37","issue":"11","first_page":"2490","last_page":"2502"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9965000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11609","display_name":"Geophysical Methods and Applications","score":0.9930999875068665,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7248731255531311},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.6732347011566162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6145166754722595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5990749597549438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.5951642394065857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.5619004368782043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.5319250822067261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/path-loss","display_name":"Path loss","score":0.5302108526229858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.529482901096344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fading","display_name":"Fading","score":0.5146780610084534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test-set","display_name":"Test set","score":0.5064250230789185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convergence","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","score":0.4730640649795532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-network","display_name":"Wireless network","score":0.45383456349372864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/path","display_name":"Path (computing)","score":0.44577503204345703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.4105582535266876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.36512279510498047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.11274290084838867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.10900658369064331}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7248731255531311},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.6732347011566162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6145166754722595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5990749597549438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.5951642394065857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5619004368782043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.5319250822067261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194273485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1478845","display_name":"Path loss","level":3,"score":0.5302108526229858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.529482901096344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81978471","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1196572","display_name":"Fading","level":3,"score":0.5146780610084534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169903167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3985153","display_name":"Test set","level":2,"score":0.5064250230789185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777303404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759757","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","level":2,"score":0.4730640649795532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108037233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11375","display_name":"Wireless network","level":3,"score":0.45383456349372864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777735758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q817765","display_name":"Path (computing)","level":2,"score":0.44577503204345703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.4105582535266876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.36512279510498047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.11274290084838867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.10900658369064331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jsac.2019.2933970","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsac.2019.2933970","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S90422530","display_name":"IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications","issn_l":"0733-8716","issn":["0733-8716","1558-0008"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1812.07853","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1812.07853","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1812.07853","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:2903675120","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1812.07853","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:www.research.unipd.it:11577/3329431","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3329431","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402547","display_name":"Padua Research Archive (University of Padova)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I138689650","host_organization_name":"University of Padua","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138689650"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.1812.07853","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1812.07853","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1812.07853","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1812.07853","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1812.07853","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W109359232","https://openalex.org/W595252221","https://openalex.org/W1513671680","https://openalex.org/W1528401588","https://openalex.org/W1543653153","https://openalex.org/W1596717185","https://openalex.org/W1663973292","https://openalex.org/W1965392255","https://openalex.org/W1983295712","https://openalex.org/W1996417130","https://openalex.org/W1997441522","https://openalex.org/W2051048551","https://openalex.org/W2068783850","https://openalex.org/W2089947415","https://openalex.org/W2099111195","https://openalex.org/W2100495367","https://openalex.org/W2129971170","https://openalex.org/W2132870739","https://openalex.org/W2141278204","https://openalex.org/W2150080833","https://openalex.org/W2150212044","https://openalex.org/W2151388232","https://openalex.org/W2157069634","https://openalex.org/W2162413906","https://openalex.org/W2164947865","https://openalex.org/W2344173564","https://openalex.org/W2517156231","https://openalex.org/W2527358790","https://openalex.org/W2557283755","https://openalex.org/W2605943641","https://openalex.org/W2618317993","https://openalex.org/W2776818420","https://openalex.org/W2788974603","https://openalex.org/W2901694810","https://openalex.org/W3100644455","https://openalex.org/W6632367441","https://openalex.org/W6738416923","https://openalex.org/W6756399826"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2112421906","https://openalex.org/W2963785424","https://openalex.org/W2168920183","https://openalex.org/W2112008717","https://openalex.org/W2999155878","https://openalex.org/W3023175709","https://openalex.org/W2987693302","https://openalex.org/W2377904458","https://openalex.org/W2943335249","https://openalex.org/W3028210486","https://openalex.org/W2796761277","https://openalex.org/W188466398","https://openalex.org/W3124772463","https://openalex.org/W2915387487","https://openalex.org/W2030188598","https://openalex.org/W3135890227","https://openalex.org/W2154959474","https://openalex.org/W2793163703","https://openalex.org/W3113682753","https://openalex.org/W3212357051"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In-region":[0],"location":[1],"verification":[2],"(IRLV)":[3],"aims":[4],"at":[5,80],"verifying":[6],"whether":[7],"a":[8,12,32,93],"user":[9,30],"is":[10,44],"inside":[11],"region":[13],"of":[14,25,34],"interest":[15],"(ROI).":[16],"In":[17,38],"wireless":[18,159],"networks,":[19,160],"IRLV":[20],"can":[21],"exploit":[22],"the":[23,26,29,40,102,116,137,145,149,155],"features":[24,114],"channel":[27,41,108,113,162],"between":[28],"and":[31,47,88,128,167],"set":[33],"trusted":[35],"access":[36],"points.":[37],"practice,":[39],"feature":[42],"statistics":[43],"not":[45,134],"available":[46],"we":[48,121],"resort":[49],"to":[50,136],"machine":[51],"learning":[52,81,86],"(ML)":[53],"solutions":[54,61,97],"for":[55,83],"IRLV.":[56],"We":[57],"first":[58],"show":[59],"that":[60],"based":[62,105],"on":[63,106],"either":[64],"neural":[65],"networks":[66],"(NNs)":[67],"or":[68],"support":[69,154],"vector":[70],"machines":[71,87],"(SVMs)":[72],"with":[73,161],"typical":[74],"loss":[75],"functions":[76],"are":[77,98,133],"Neyman-Pearson":[78],"(N-P)-optimal":[79],"convergence":[82],"sufficiently":[84],"complex":[85],"large":[89],"training":[90],"datasets.":[91],"For":[92],"finite":[94],"training,":[95],"ML":[96],"more":[99],"accurate":[100],"than":[101],"N-P":[103,146],"test":[104,141,147],"estimated":[107],"statistics.":[109],"Then,":[110],"as":[111],"estimating":[112],"outside":[115],"ROI":[117],"may":[118],"be":[119],"difficult,":[120],"consider":[122],"one-class":[123,129,150],"classifiers,":[124],"namely":[125],"auto-encoder":[126],"NNs":[127],"SVMs":[130],"which,":[131],"however,":[132],"equivalent":[135],"generalized":[138],"likelihood":[139],"ratio":[140],"(GLRT),":[142],"typically":[143],"replacing":[144],"in":[148,157],"problem.":[151],"Numerical":[152],"examples":[153],"results":[156],"realistic":[158],"models":[163],"including":[164],"path-loss,":[165],"shadowing,":[166],"fading.":[168]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-08-05T07:39:15.569665","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}