{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2904733775","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsac.2019.2933891","title":"Model-Free Training of End-to-End Communication Systems","display_name":"Model-Free Training of End-to-End Communication Systems","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-08-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2904733775","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsac.2019.2933891","mag":"2904733775"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jsac.2019.2933891","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsac.2019.2933891","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S90422530","display_name":"IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications","issn_l":"0733-8716","issn":["0733-8716","1558-0008"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1812.05929","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076265502","display_name":"Fay\u00e7al Ait Aoudia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2723-6171"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210149358","display_name":"Nokia (France)","ror":"https://ror.org/04kwfkk85","country_code":"FR","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2738502077","https://openalex.org/I4210149358"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Faycal Ait Aoudia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nokia Bell Labs, Paris-Saclay, Nozay, France","[Nokia Bell Labs, Paris Saclay, Nozay, France]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nokia Bell Labs, Paris-Saclay, Nozay, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210149358"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Nokia Bell Labs, Paris Saclay, Nozay, France]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210149358"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074728359","display_name":"Jakob Hoydis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0438-967X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210149358","display_name":"Nokia (France)","ror":"https://ror.org/04kwfkk85","country_code":"FR","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2738502077","https://openalex.org/I4210149358"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jakob Hoydis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nokia Bell Labs, Paris-Saclay, Nozay, France","Nokia Bell Labs"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nokia Bell Labs, Paris-Saclay, Nozay, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210149358"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nokia Bell Labs","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5076265502"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210149358"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.4471,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":14,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86311449,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"37","issue":"11","first_page":"2503","last_page":"2516"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10860","display_name":"Speech and Audio Processing","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10201","display_name":"Speech Recognition and Synthesis","score":0.9972000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7452256679534912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/differentiable-function","display_name":"Differentiable function","score":0.6547157764434814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.6268570423126221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmitter","display_name":"Transmitter","score":0.6043765544891357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/training","display_name":"Training (meteorology)","score":0.5765540599822998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/end-to-end-principle","display_name":"End-to-end principle","score":0.510071337223053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.5077434778213501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/iterated-function","display_name":"Iterated function","score":0.4668852388858795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.44320666790008545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convergence","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","score":0.4340953230857849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.4296899437904358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.16130319237709045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1085425317287445}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7452256679534912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202615002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q783507","display_name":"Differentiable function","level":2,"score":0.6547157764434814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.6268570423126221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47798520","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190157","display_name":"Transmitter","level":3,"score":0.6043765544891357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777211547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17141490","display_name":"Training (meteorology)","level":2,"score":0.5765540599822998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74296488","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2527392","display_name":"End-to-end principle","level":2,"score":0.510071337223053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.5077434778213501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140479938","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5254619","display_name":"Iterated function","level":2,"score":0.4668852388858795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.44320666790008545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777303404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759757","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","level":2,"score":0.4340953230857849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.4296899437904358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.16130319237709045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1085425317287445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jsac.2019.2933891","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsac.2019.2933891","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S90422530","display_name":"IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications","issn_l":"0733-8716","issn":["0733-8716","1558-0008"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1812.05929","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1812.05929","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1812.05929","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:2904733775","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1812.05929.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","raw_type":null},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.1812.05929","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1812.05929","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1812.05929","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1812.05929","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1812.05929","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2904733775.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2904733775.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1952867853","https://openalex.org/W2108682071","https://openalex.org/W2124289529","https://openalex.org/W2147224235","https://openalex.org/W2165150801","https://openalex.org/W2187089797","https://openalex.org/W2734408173","https://openalex.org/W2736068844","https://openalex.org/W2779699222","https://openalex.org/W2783002080","https://openalex.org/W2784307620","https://openalex.org/W2799118240","https://openalex.org/W2804208583","https://openalex.org/W2889153869","https://openalex.org/W2898199904","https://openalex.org/W2901615357","https://openalex.org/W2946889564","https://openalex.org/W2951542323","https://openalex.org/W2962964572","https://openalex.org/W2963174256","https://openalex.org/W2963385530","https://openalex.org/W2963577893","https://openalex.org/W2963864421","https://openalex.org/W2964121744","https://openalex.org/W2964198392","https://openalex.org/W2964231443","https://openalex.org/W2964303602","https://openalex.org/W6631190155","https://openalex.org/W6676023451","https://openalex.org/W6684205842","https://openalex.org/W6684921986","https://openalex.org/W6747916894","https://openalex.org/W6755902830","https://openalex.org/W6756100447","https://openalex.org/W6761632846","https://openalex.org/W6762869072","https://openalex.org/W7036284560"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2734408173","https://openalex.org/W3104593624","https://openalex.org/W3090379053","https://openalex.org/W2918342144","https://openalex.org/W3021779293","https://openalex.org/W3000683460","https://openalex.org/W3047206701","https://openalex.org/W3170809304","https://openalex.org/W3028102177","https://openalex.org/W2555234985","https://openalex.org/W1845277745","https://openalex.org/W3177483604","https://openalex.org/W2982523334","https://openalex.org/W3036275239","https://openalex.org/W2917189468","https://openalex.org/W1564363694","https://openalex.org/W3093889822","https://openalex.org/W2908240230","https://openalex.org/W2951051330","https://openalex.org/W3190006346"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,36],"idea":[1],"of":[2,5,40,56,65,71,88],"end-to-end":[3],"learning":[4,30],"communication":[6,41],"systems":[7,42],"through":[8,99],"neural":[9],"network":[10],"(NN)-based":[11],"autoencoders":[12],"has":[13],"the":[14,57,60,66,72,95],"shortcoming":[15],"that":[16,76],"it":[17,108],"requires":[18],"a":[19,28,86,113],"differentiable":[20],"channel":[21,46],"model.":[22],"We":[23,74],"present":[24],"in":[25],"this":[26,34,77],"paper":[27],"novel":[29],"algorithm":[31,37],"which":[32],"alleviates":[33],"problem.":[35],"enables":[38],"training":[39,55,64,84],"with":[43,49],"an":[44,69],"unknown":[45],"model":[47],"or":[48],"non-differentiable":[50],"components.":[51],"It":[52],"iterates":[53],"between":[54],"receiver":[58],"using":[59,68],"true":[61],"gradient,":[62],"and":[63,90,116],"transmitter":[67],"approximation":[70],"gradient.":[73],"show":[75],"approach":[78],"works":[79],"as":[80,82],"well":[81],"model-based":[83],"for":[85],"variety":[87],"channels":[89],"tasks.":[91],"Moreover,":[92],"we":[93],"demonstrate":[94],"algorithm's":[96],"practical":[97],"viability":[98],"hardware":[100],"implementation":[101],"on":[102],"software":[103],"defined":[104],"radios":[105],"(SDRs)":[106],"where":[107],"achieves":[109],"state-of-the-art":[110],"performance":[111],"over":[112],"coaxial":[114],"cable":[115],"wireless":[117],"channel.":[118]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}