{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2924152336","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsac.2019.2906764","title":"Embedding Service Function Tree With Minimum Cost for NFV-Enabled Multicast","display_name":"Embedding Service Function Tree With Minimum Cost for NFV-Enabled Multicast","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-03-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2924152336","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsac.2019.2906764","mag":"2924152336"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jsac.2019.2906764","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsac.2019.2906764","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S90422530","display_name":"IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications","issn_l":"0733-8716","issn":["0733-8716","1558-0008"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030064327","display_name":"Bangbang Ren","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0355-0545"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bangbang Ren","raw_affiliation_strings":["National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan, CN"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan, CN","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032623398","display_name":"Deke Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4894-5540"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Deke Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan, CN"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4894-5540","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan, CN","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043356063","display_name":"Yulong Shen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8448-705X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yulong Shen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Xidian University, Xian, Shaanxi, CN"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xidian University, Xian, Shaanxi, CN","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067691107","display_name":"Guoming Tang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9801-1055"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guoming Tang","raw_affiliation_strings":["National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan, CN"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9801-1055","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan, CN","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029945012","display_name":"Xu Lin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4770-6310"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xu Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Xidian University, Xian, Shaanxi, CN"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xidian University, Xian, Shaanxi, CN","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.5786,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":46,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96199773,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"37","issue":"5","first_page":"1085","last_page":"1097"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10714","display_name":"Software-Defined Networks and 5G","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10714","display_name":"Software-Defined Networks and 5G","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11478","display_name":"Caching and Content Delivery","score":0.9923999905586243,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.98580002784729,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multicast","display_name":"Multicast","score":0.8076041340827942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8046283721923828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unicast","display_name":"Unicast","score":0.700363278388977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedding","display_name":"Embedding","score":0.5931348204612732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/node","display_name":"Node (physics)","score":0.5146318674087524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tree","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","score":0.4738086760044098},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/integer-programming","display_name":"Integer programming","score":0.42274317145347595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.402111679315567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.38574835658073425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.3388351798057556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.20639607310295105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.14952737092971802}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32295351","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899288","display_name":"Multicast","level":2,"score":0.8076041340827942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8046283721923828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11704745","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q918337","display_name":"Unicast","level":3,"score":0.700363278388977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41608201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980509","display_name":"Embedding","level":2,"score":0.5931348204612732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62611344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062658","display_name":"Node (physics)","level":2,"score":0.5146318674087524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113174947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2859736","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","level":2,"score":0.4738086760044098},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56086750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6042592","display_name":"Integer programming","level":2,"score":0.42274317145347595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.402111679315567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.38574835658073425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.3388351798057556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.20639607310295105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.14952737092971802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jsac.2019.2906764","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsac.2019.2906764","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S90422530","display_name":"IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications","issn_l":"0733-8716","issn":["0733-8716","1558-0008"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.46000000834465027,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4950232309","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61802421","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5257144520","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61772544","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5429374620","display_name":"\u79fb\u52a8\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u7edc\u53ca\u8bbe\u5907\u7684\u533f\u540d\u53ca\u5e94\u5bf9\u673a\u5236","funder_award_id":"U1736216","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6364236059","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2017YFB1400700","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7373933180","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U1536202","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1522745118","https://openalex.org/W1578960134","https://openalex.org/W1604047786","https://openalex.org/W1975290397","https://openalex.org/W1991055327","https://openalex.org/W2000238032","https://openalex.org/W2007096406","https://openalex.org/W2007572995","https://openalex.org/W2017648454","https://openalex.org/W2028312366","https://openalex.org/W2039579846","https://openalex.org/W2040340473","https://openalex.org/W2043352445","https://openalex.org/W2089194229","https://openalex.org/W2130624470","https://openalex.org/W2164731652","https://openalex.org/W2169528473","https://openalex.org/W2260783129","https://openalex.org/W2264073860","https://openalex.org/W2480271867","https://openalex.org/W2481063713","https://openalex.org/W2512567073","https://openalex.org/W2567427683","https://openalex.org/W2590487735","https://openalex.org/W2591732478","https://openalex.org/W2605023669","https://openalex.org/W2625750350","https://openalex.org/W2725479901","https://openalex.org/W2735586186","https://openalex.org/W2743364154","https://openalex.org/W2773629089","https://openalex.org/W2783547952","https://openalex.org/W2789636830","https://openalex.org/W2790027353","https://openalex.org/W2791492153","https://openalex.org/W2808241611","https://openalex.org/W2808454856","https://openalex.org/W2886449104","https://openalex.org/W2902698307","https://openalex.org/W3101743077","https://openalex.org/W4230998382","https://openalex.org/W4312512934","https://openalex.org/W6731675737"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2141226803","https://openalex.org/W1972955796","https://openalex.org/W1541857863","https://openalex.org/W2219910205","https://openalex.org/W2978800595","https://openalex.org/W1966768284","https://openalex.org/W207048982","https://openalex.org/W2026651734","https://openalex.org/W2385427787","https://openalex.org/W2070403242"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Usually,":[0],"a":[1,7,15,53,108,131,138,206],"data":[2],"flow":[3],"needs":[4],"to":[5,59,84,96,154,202,211],"traverse":[6],"series":[8],"of":[9,26,35,64,90,113,145,220,242,268],"network":[10,27],"functions,":[11],"which":[12,199],"is":[13,45,77,151,166,209,237],"called":[14],"service":[16,132],"function":[17,28,120,133],"chain":[18],"(SFC),":[19],"before":[20],"reaching":[21],"its":[22],"destination.":[23],"The":[24],"emergence":[25],"virtualization":[29],"(NFV)":[30],"makes":[31],"the":[32,36,42,50,61,65,81,85,91,100,105,111,114,119,126,142,156,161,173,179,188,214,238,265],"embedding":[33,104,147,176,263],"solution":[34],"SFC":[37,51,66,92,106,115],"flexible":[38],"as":[39,41,248,250],"far":[40],"deployment":[43,121],"location":[44],"concerned.":[46],"When":[47],"providers":[48],"embed":[49],"into":[52],"substrate":[54],"network,":[55],"they":[56],"will":[57],"hope":[58],"minimize":[60],"setup":[62],"cost":[63,70,165,267],"and":[67,190,245],"link":[68],"connection":[69],"toward":[71],"clients.":[72],"For":[73],"unicast,":[74],"since":[75],"there":[76],"one":[78,158],"path":[79],"connecting":[80],"source":[82],"node":[83],"destination":[86],"node,":[87],"all":[88],"functions":[89],"are":[93],"just":[94],"needed":[95],"be":[97,137,203,247,272],"deployed":[98],"along":[99],"path.":[101],"However,":[102],"when":[103],"for":[107],"multicast":[109,182,269],"task,":[110],"topology":[112],"may":[116,136],"change":[117],"because":[118],"locations":[122],"have":[123],"impacts":[124],"on":[125],"traffic":[127,163,270],"delivery":[128,164,266],"cost.":[129],"Thus,":[130],"tree":[134,244],"(SFT)":[135],"better":[139],"choice.":[140],"Given":[141],"huge":[143],"space":[144],"SFT":[146,175,262],"solutions,":[148],"however,":[149],"it":[150,192],"extremely":[152],"hard":[153],"find":[155],"optimal":[157,174],"such":[159],"that":[160,258],"total":[162],"minimized.":[167],"In":[168],"this":[169],"paper,":[170],"we":[171,185,256],"tackle":[172],"problem":[177,189,215],"in":[178],"NFV":[180],"enabled":[181],"task.":[183],"Specifically,":[184],"formally":[186],"define":[187],"formulate":[191],"with":[193,213,216],"an":[194,217],"integer":[195],"linear":[196],"programming":[197],"(ILP),":[198],"turns":[200],"out":[201],"NP-hard.":[204],"Then,":[205],"two-stage":[207],"method":[208],"proposed":[210],"deal":[212],"approximation":[218,240],"ratio":[219,241],"<inline-formula":[221,230],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[222,231],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">":[223,232],"<tex-math":[224,233],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$1+\\rho":[225],"$":[226,235],"</tex-math></inline-formula>":[227,236],",":[228],"where":[229],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$\\rho":[234],"best":[239],"Steiner":[243],"can":[246,271],"small":[249],"1.39.":[251],"With":[252],"extensive":[253],"experimental":[254],"evaluations,":[255],"demonstrate":[257],"by":[259,274],"applying":[260],"our":[261],"solution,":[264],"reduced":[273],"22.05%":[275],"at":[276],"most":[277],"against":[278],"three":[279],"benchmarks.":[280]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}