{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2905601756","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsac.2019.2904366","title":"Reinforcement Learning for Real-Time Optimization in NB-IoT Networks","display_name":"Reinforcement Learning for Real-Time Optimization in NB-IoT Networks","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-03-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2905601756","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsac.2019.2904366","mag":"2905601756"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jsac.2019.2904366","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsac.2019.2904366","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S90422530","display_name":"IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications","issn_l":"0733-8716","issn":["0733-8716","1558-0008"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/ws/files/108200053/4.RL_NBIOT_JSAC.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114949056","display_name":"Nan Jiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5337-890X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166337079","display_name":"Queen Mary University of London","ror":"https://ror.org/026zzn846","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I166337079"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Nan Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Engineering and Computer Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, U.K"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Engineering and Computer Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166337079"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009213856","display_name":"Yansha Deng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1001-7036"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183935753","display_name":"King's College London","ror":"https://ror.org/0220mzb33","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I183935753"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yansha Deng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Informatics, King\u2019s College London, London, U.K","Department of Informatics, King's College London, London, U.K"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Informatics, King\u2019s College London, London, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183935753"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Informatics, King's College London, London, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183935753"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002265731","display_name":"Arumugam Nallanathan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8337-5884"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166337079","display_name":"Queen Mary University of London","ror":"https://ror.org/026zzn846","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I166337079"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Arumugam Nallanathan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Engineering and Computer Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, U.K"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Engineering and Computer Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166337079"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007993661","display_name":"Jonathon A. Chambers","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7224-8553"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153648349","display_name":"University of Leicester","ror":"https://ror.org/04h699437","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153648349"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jonathon A. Chambers","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Engineering, University of Leicester, Leicester, U.K"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering, University of Leicester, Leicester, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153648349"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5114949056"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166337079"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":9.561,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":115,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98557711,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"37","issue":"6","first_page":"1424","last_page":"1440"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12079","display_name":"IoT Networks and Protocols","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12079","display_name":"IoT Networks and Protocols","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12222","display_name":"IoT-based Smart Home Systems","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8576017618179321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.8086152076721191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.3818132281303406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.37316060066223145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.3678189516067505}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8576017618179321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.8086152076721191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.3818132281303406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.37316060066223145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.3678189516067505}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jsac.2019.2904366","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsac.2019.2904366","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S90422530","display_name":"IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications","issn_l":"0733-8716","issn":["0733-8716","1558-0008"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:kclpure.kcl.ac.uk:publications/414b77db-d107-4ca9-9274-bb77948aa8f1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/414b77db-d107-4ca9-9274-bb77948aa8f1","pdf_url":"https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/ws/files/108200053/4.RL_NBIOT_JSAC.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400216","display_name":"Research Portal (King's College London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I183935753","host_organization_name":"King's College London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183935753"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Jiang, N, Deng, Y, Nallanathan, A & Chambers, J A 2019, 'Reinforcement Learning for Real-Time Optimization in NB-IoT Networks', IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, vol. 37, no. 6, 8664581, pp. 1424-1440. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSAC.2019.2904366","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:kclpure.kcl.ac.uk:publications/414b77db-d107-4ca9-9274-bb77948aa8f1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/414b77db-d107-4ca9-9274-bb77948aa8f1","pdf_url":"https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/ws/files/108200053/4.RL_NBIOT_JSAC.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400216","display_name":"Research Portal (King's College London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I183935753","host_organization_name":"King's College London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183935753"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Jiang, N, Deng, Y, Nallanathan, A & Chambers, J A 2019, 'Reinforcement Learning for Real-Time Optimization in NB-IoT Networks', IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, vol. 37, no. 6, 8664581, pp. 1424-1440. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSAC.2019.2904366","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1934935867","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Engineering and Physical Sciences R","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2730373108","display_name":"Communications Signal Processing Based Solutions for Massive Machine-to-Machine Networks (M3NETs)","funder_award_id":"EP/R006466/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5608652590","display_name":"Communications Signal Processing Based Solutions for Massive Machine-to-Machine Networks (M3NETs)","funder_award_id":"EP/R006377/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5635460702","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/R006466/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5998721014","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/R006377/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2905601756.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2905601756.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W41554520","https://openalex.org/W51508254","https://openalex.org/W1579369571","https://openalex.org/W1733806262","https://openalex.org/W1929013253","https://openalex.org/W1981014844","https://openalex.org/W2009086942","https://openalex.org/W2051376838","https://openalex.org/W2099618002","https://openalex.org/W2106261932","https://openalex.org/W2114218781","https://openalex.org/W2119137614","https://openalex.org/W2130304665","https://openalex.org/W2137680104","https://openalex.org/W2145339207","https://openalex.org/W2155968351","https://openalex.org/W2169294731","https://openalex.org/W2170141744","https://openalex.org/W2202997502","https://openalex.org/W2344516430","https://openalex.org/W2397581969","https://openalex.org/W2549923868","https://openalex.org/W2586903650","https://openalex.org/W2596324967","https://openalex.org/W2613582343","https://openalex.org/W2746553466","https://openalex.org/W2775869941","https://openalex.org/W2783426158","https://openalex.org/W2793121051","https://openalex.org/W2807741983","https://openalex.org/W2808246927","https://openalex.org/W2885872367","https://openalex.org/W2886627305","https://openalex.org/W2964158509","https://openalex.org/W2964177870","https://openalex.org/W2964260754","https://openalex.org/W2999025081","https://openalex.org/W6602057636","https://openalex.org/W6676072908","https://openalex.org/W6687656691","https://openalex.org/W6712110534","https://openalex.org/W6752380930","https://openalex.org/W6755024634"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4306904969","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2138720691","https://openalex.org/W2376932109"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"NarrowBand":[0],"Internet":[1],"of":[2,14,24,34,41,53,74,91,147,150,220,235],"Things":[3],"(NB-IoT)":[4],"is":[5],"an":[6,59,85],"emerging":[7],"cellular-based":[8],"technology":[9],"that":[10,68,128,158,206],"offers":[11],"a":[12],"range":[13],"flexible":[15],"configurations":[16],"for":[17,43,47,93,166,197],"massive":[18],"IoT":[19,76,152],"radio":[20,35],"access":[21,45],"from":[22],"groups":[23],"devices":[25,42,77],"with":[26,174,232],"heterogeneous":[27],"requirements.":[28],"A":[29],"configuration":[30,67,100,236],"specifies":[31],"the":[32,54,66,70,89,104,108,114,121,129,136,148,171,198,204,218,221,226,233,239,243],"amount":[33],"resource":[36],"allocated":[37],"to":[38,64,168],"each":[39,79],"group":[40],"random":[44],"and":[46,113,160,183,189,191,238,249],"data":[48],"transmission.":[49],"Assuming":[50],"no":[51],"knowledge":[52],"traffic":[55],"statistics,":[56],"there":[57],"exists":[58],"important":[60],"challenge":[61],"in":[62,84,120,145,212,246],"\u201chow":[63],"determine":[65],"maximizes":[69],"long-term":[71],"average":[72],"number":[73,149],"served":[75,151],"at":[78],"transmission":[80],"time":[81],"interval":[82],"(TTI)":[83],"online":[86],"fashion.\u201d":[87],"Given":[88],"complexity":[90],"searching":[92],"optimal":[94],"configuration,":[95],"we":[96],"first":[97],"develop":[98],"real-time":[99],"selection":[101],"based":[102,140],"on":[103,141],"tabular":[105],"Q-learning":[106,111,118,207,223],"(tabular-Q),":[107],"linear":[109],"approximation-based":[110],"(LA-Q),":[112],"deep":[115],"neural":[116],"network-based":[117],"(DQN)":[119],"single-parameter":[122],"single-group":[123],"scenario.":[124],"Our":[125],"results":[126],"show":[127],"proposed":[130,222],"reinforcement":[131],"learning-based":[132],"approaches":[133,139,224,245],"considerably":[134],"outperform":[135],"conventional":[137,227],"heuristic":[138],"load":[142],"estimation":[143],"(LE-URC)":[144],"terms":[146],"devices.":[153],"This":[154],"result":[155],"also":[156],"indicates":[157],"LA-Q":[159,182],"DQN":[161,184],"can":[162],"be":[163],"good":[164],"alternatives":[165],"tabular-Q":[167],"achieve":[169],"almost":[170],"same":[172],"performance":[173],"much":[175],"less":[176],"training":[177,250],"time.":[178],"We":[179],"further":[180],"advance":[181],"via":[185,192],"actions":[186],"aggregation":[187],"(AA-LA-Q":[188],"AA-DQN)":[190],"cooperative":[193],"multi-agent":[194],"learning":[195],"(CMA-DQN)":[196],"multi-parameter":[199],"multi-group":[200],"scenario,":[201,217],"thereby":[202],"solve":[203],"problem":[205],"agents":[208],"do":[209],"not":[210],"converge":[211],"high-dimensional":[213],"configurations.":[214],"In":[215],"this":[216],"superiority":[219],"over":[225],"LE-URC":[228],"approach":[229,241],"significantly":[230],"improves":[231],"increase":[234],"dimensions,":[237],"CMA-DQN":[240],"outperforms":[242],"other":[244],"both":[247],"throughput":[248],"efficiency.":[251]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":29},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}