{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2613992362","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsac.2017.2720099","title":"Hybrid Beamforming via the Kronecker Decomposition for the Millimeter-Wave Massive MIMO Systems","display_name":"Hybrid Beamforming via the Kronecker Decomposition for the Millimeter-Wave Massive MIMO Systems","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-06-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2613992362","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsac.2017.2720099","mag":"2613992362"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jsac.2017.2720099","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsac.2017.2720099","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S90422530","display_name":"IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications","issn_l":"0733-8716","issn":["0733-8716","1558-0008"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004583148","display_name":"Guangxu Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9532-9201"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I889458895","display_name":"University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/02zhqgq86","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guangxu Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of EEE, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of EEE, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007131492","display_name":"Kaibin Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8773-4629"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I889458895","display_name":"University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/02zhqgq86","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kaibin Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of EEE, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of EEE, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073153992","display_name":"Vincent K. N. Lau","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7769-6008"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","display_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q4vv597","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vincent K. N. Lau","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of ECE, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of ECE, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085292302","display_name":"Bin Xia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4713-5765"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bin Xia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of EE, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of EE, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100637082","display_name":"Xiaofan Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6687-5569"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158809036","display_name":"Shenzhen Institute of Information Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03wrf9427","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158809036"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaofan Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shenzhen Institute of Radio Testing & Tech, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6687-5569","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shenzhen Institute of Radio Testing & Tech, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158809036"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016438236","display_name":"Zhang Sha","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158809036","display_name":"Shenzhen Institute of Information Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03wrf9427","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158809036"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sha Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shenzhen Institute of Radio Testing & Tech, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shenzhen Institute of Radio Testing & Tech, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158809036"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.5785,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":93,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97175444,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"35","issue":"9","first_page":"2097","last_page":"2114"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10262","display_name":"Microwave Engineering and Waveguides","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mimo","display_name":"MIMO","score":0.847274899482727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beamforming","display_name":"Beamforming","score":0.8197237253189087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7442367076873779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.6368801593780518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wsdma","display_name":"WSDMA","score":0.5044335126876831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/3g-mimo","display_name":"3G MIMO","score":0.47628703713417053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mimo-ofdm","display_name":"MIMO-OFDM","score":0.43012842535972595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/precoding","display_name":"Precoding","score":0.37370485067367554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.2913849949836731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.13936057686805725}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207987634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176862","display_name":"MIMO","level":3,"score":0.847274899482727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54197355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5782992","display_name":"Beamforming","level":2,"score":0.8197237253189087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7442367076873779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.6368801593780518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57466844","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7955559","display_name":"WSDMA","level":5,"score":0.5044335126876831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165650700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4636347","display_name":"3G MIMO","level":4,"score":0.47628703713417053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130946814","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5988271","display_name":"MIMO-OFDM","level":4,"score":0.43012842535972595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160562895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7239557","display_name":"Precoding","level":4,"score":0.37370485067367554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.2913849949836731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.13936057686805725}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jsac.2017.2720099","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsac.2017.2720099","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S90422530","display_name":"IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications","issn_l":"0733-8716","issn":["0733-8716","1558-0008"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:hub.hku.hk:10722/245001","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10722/245001","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196271","display_name":"The HKU Scholars Hub (University of Hong Kong)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I889458895","host_organization_name":"University of Hong Kong","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.hkust.edu.hk:1783.1-86848","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://repository.hkust.edu.hk/ir/Record/1783.1-86848","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401796","display_name":"Rare & Special e-Zone (The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","host_organization_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1483249443","https://openalex.org/W1525296983","https://openalex.org/W1956027752","https://openalex.org/W1970003402","https://openalex.org/W1970830346","https://openalex.org/W2004294022","https://openalex.org/W2019481724","https://openalex.org/W2034651337","https://openalex.org/W2045840914","https://openalex.org/W2053521124","https://openalex.org/W2054692642","https://openalex.org/W2064935463","https://openalex.org/W2075148031","https://openalex.org/W2085098436","https://openalex.org/W2098126478","https://openalex.org/W2098249016","https://openalex.org/W2100755644","https://openalex.org/W2103851250","https://openalex.org/W2104074482","https://openalex.org/W2111953900","https://openalex.org/W2113638573","https://openalex.org/W2116334496","https://openalex.org/W2128513990","https://openalex.org/W2136644341","https://openalex.org/W2145013959","https://openalex.org/W2145412765","https://openalex.org/W2155174176","https://openalex.org/W2166486216","https://openalex.org/W2167005403","https://openalex.org/W2167956149","https://openalex.org/W2195693430","https://openalex.org/W2254437173","https://openalex.org/W2259391824","https://openalex.org/W2272804037","https://openalex.org/W2316530133","https://openalex.org/W2368600038","https://openalex.org/W2501970484","https://openalex.org/W2523249769","https://openalex.org/W3099908750","https://openalex.org/W3106282754","https://openalex.org/W4212810988","https://openalex.org/W4300223101"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1994075152","https://openalex.org/W2888906845","https://openalex.org/W3206079451","https://openalex.org/W3184967607","https://openalex.org/W2165879876","https://openalex.org/W2155862235","https://openalex.org/W4360994276","https://openalex.org/W2116822439","https://openalex.org/W2613992362","https://openalex.org/W1764924767"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Millimeter-wave":[0],"(mmWave)":[1],"massive":[2,14,49,58,165],"multiple-input":[3],"multiple-output":[4],"(MIMO)":[5],"seamlessly":[6],"integrates":[7],"two":[8],"wireless":[9],"technologies,":[10],"mmWave":[11,48,88,169],"communications":[12],"and":[13,26,72,92,115,121,145,186,243,250,312],"MIMO,":[15],"which":[16,275],"provides":[17],"spectrums":[18],"with":[19,301],"tens":[20],"of":[21,23,47,68,78,99,182,193,200,206,241,259,280,308,321],"GHz":[22],"total":[24],"bandwidth":[25],"supports":[27],"aggressive":[28],"space":[29],"division":[30],"multiple":[31],"access":[32],"using":[33,127],"large-scale":[34],"arrays.":[35],"Though":[36],"it":[37],"is":[38,90,107,227,264,286,292],"a":[39,128,155,223],"promising":[40],"solution":[41],"for":[42,109,147,159,162,212,229],"next-generation":[43],"systems,":[44],"the":[45,61,76,87,96,100,113,119,135,140,180,207,231,238,260,268,277,283,295,302,305,313],"realization":[46],"MIMO":[50,59,104,142,166],"faces":[51],"several":[52],"practical":[53],"challenges.":[54],"In":[55,150,266],"particular,":[56,267],"implementing":[57],"in":[60,112,288],"digital":[62,116,122],"domain":[63],"requires":[64],"hundreds":[65],"to":[66,84],"thousands":[67],"radio":[69],"frequency":[70],"chains":[71],"analog-to-digital":[73],"converters":[74],"matching":[75],"number":[77],"antennas.":[79],"Furthermore,":[80,222],"designing":[81],"these":[82],"components":[83],"operate":[85],"at":[86],"frequencies":[89],"challenging":[91],"costly.":[93],"These":[94],"motivated":[95],"recent":[97],"development":[98],"hybrid-beamforming":[101],"architecture,":[102],"where":[103],"signal":[105],"processing":[106],"divided":[108],"separate":[110],"implementation":[111],"analog":[114,120,183,208,247,254],"domains,":[117],"called":[118],"beamforming,":[123],"respectively.":[124],"Analog":[125],"beamforming":[126,136,161,184],"phase":[129],"array":[130,303],"introduces":[131],"uni-modulus":[132,196],"constraints":[133],"on":[134,179],"coefficients.":[137],"They":[138],"render":[139],"conventional":[141],"techniques":[143],"unsuitable":[144],"call":[146],"new":[148],"designs.":[149],"this":[151],"paper,":[152],"we":[153],"present":[154],"systematic":[156],"design":[157],"framework":[158,177],"hybrid":[160,233],"multi-cell":[163],"multiuser":[164],"systems":[167],"over":[168,282],"channels":[170],"characterized":[171],"by":[172,246,253],"sparse":[173],"propagation":[174],"paths.":[175,221],"The":[176,235,257],"relies":[178],"decomposition":[181],"vectors":[185,189],"path":[187],"observation":[188],"into":[190],"Kronecker":[191,201],"products":[192],"factors":[194,205],"being":[195],"vectors.":[197],"Exploiting":[198],"properties":[199],"mixed":[202],"products,":[203],"different":[204,319],"beamformer":[209],"are":[210],"designed":[211,228],"either":[213],"nulling":[214],"interference":[215,244,297],"paths":[216,245,281],"or":[217],"coherently":[218],"combining":[219],"data":[220,242],"channel":[224,261],"estimation":[225,262],"scheme":[226,236,263],"enabling":[230],"proposed":[232],"beamforming.":[234],"estimates":[237],"angles-of-arrival":[239],"(AoA)":[240],"beam":[248,255,273],"scanning":[249],"data-path":[251],"gains":[252],"steering.":[256],"performance":[258],"analyzed.":[265],"AoA":[269,284],"spectrum":[270],"resulting":[271],"from":[272],"scanning,":[274],"displays":[276],"magnitude":[278],"distribution":[279],"range,":[285],"derived":[287],"closed":[289],"form.":[290],"It":[291],"shown":[293],"that":[294],"inter-cell":[296],"level":[298],"diminishes":[299],"inversely":[300],"size,":[304],"square":[306],"root":[307],"pilot":[309,323],"sequence":[310],"length,":[311],"spatial":[314],"separation":[315],"between":[316],"paths,":[317],"suggesting":[318],"ways":[320],"tackling":[322],"contamination.":[324]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2017-05-19T00:00:00"}