{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2592884824","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsac.2017.2680998","title":"Recognizing Keystrokes Using WiFi Devices","display_name":"Recognizing Keystrokes Using WiFi Devices","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-03-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2592884824","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsac.2017.2680998","mag":"2592884824"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jsac.2017.2680998","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsac.2017.2680998","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S90422530","display_name":"IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications","issn_l":"0733-8716","issn":["0733-8716","1558-0008"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019465951","display_name":"Kamran Ali","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6758-4061"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87216513","display_name":"Michigan State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05hs6h993","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kamran Ali","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008787905","display_name":"Alex X. Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6916-1326"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87216513","display_name":"Michigan State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05hs6h993","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alex X. Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100392263","display_name":"Wei Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3240-1485"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049422969","display_name":"Muhammad Shahzad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4342-7875"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Shahzad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.748,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":112,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97798714,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"35","issue":"5","first_page":"1175","last_page":"1190"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11158","display_name":"Wireless Networks and Protocols","score":0.9943000078201294,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12222","display_name":"IoT-based Smart Home Systems","score":0.9936000108718872,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.9144992828369141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/keystroke-logging","display_name":"Keystroke logging","score":0.8319746255874634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/laptop","display_name":"Laptop","score":0.6584837436676025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/password","display_name":"Password","score":0.642989993095398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/communication-source","display_name":"Communication source","score":0.6131512522697449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/router","display_name":"Router","score":0.5983328223228455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.4650116562843323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eavesdropping","display_name":"Eavesdropping","score":0.4463719129562378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.31612491607666016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.26808613538742065}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.9144992828369141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161615301","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309396","display_name":"Keystroke logging","level":2,"score":0.8319746255874634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780008327","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3962","display_name":"Laptop","level":2,"score":0.6584837436676025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109297577","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161157","display_name":"Password","level":2,"score":0.642989993095398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198104137","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q974688","display_name":"Communication source","level":2,"score":0.6131512522697449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775896111","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q642560","display_name":"Router","level":2,"score":0.5983328223228455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.4650116562843323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776788033","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q320769","display_name":"Eavesdropping","level":2,"score":0.4463719129562378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.31612491607666016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.26808613538742065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jsac.2017.2680998","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsac.2017.2680998","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S90422530","display_name":"IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications","issn_l":"0733-8716","issn":["0733-8716","1558-0008"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.7200000286102295,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1597436466","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CNS-1421407","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2599221947","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CNS-1524698","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5483688028","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CNS-1318563","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5605848857","display_name":"\u57fa\u4e8e\u7f51\u7edc\u7684\u9ad8\u6027\u80fd\u5e94\u7528\u534f\u8bae\u89e3\u6790\u7b97\u6cd5\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"61472184","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6667581590","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61321491","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7313516431","display_name":"\u6df7\u5408\u7ec4\u7f51\u6a21\u5f0f\u4e0b\u7684\u673a\u4f1a\u901a\u4fe1\u6027\u80fd\u4f18\u5316\u6280\u672f\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"61373129","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G809641749","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IIP-1632051","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":74,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1660981793","https://openalex.org/W1802847858","https://openalex.org/W1966672755","https://openalex.org/W1967025983","https://openalex.org/W1973132608","https://openalex.org/W1976378945","https://openalex.org/W1979493600","https://openalex.org/W1981282412","https://openalex.org/W1986044926","https://openalex.org/W1986274507","https://openalex.org/W1989115430","https://openalex.org/W2000326002","https://openalex.org/W2002475595","https://openalex.org/W2010882865","https://openalex.org/W2016381774","https://openalex.org/W2024796780","https://openalex.org/W2029313661","https://openalex.org/W2029666405","https://openalex.org/W2031721930","https://openalex.org/W2031972300","https://openalex.org/W2040921991","https://openalex.org/W2042230250","https://openalex.org/W2044846595","https://openalex.org/W2046128267","https://openalex.org/W2048299340","https://openalex.org/W2049304293","https://openalex.org/W2052950171","https://openalex.org/W2061879449","https://openalex.org/W2069075867","https://openalex.org/W2077456032","https://openalex.org/W2078527935","https://openalex.org/W2083770383","https://openalex.org/W2083792466","https://openalex.org/W2088769915","https://openalex.org/W2089695767","https://openalex.org/W2091268211","https://openalex.org/W2096714297","https://openalex.org/W2097427314","https://openalex.org/W2106806426","https://openalex.org/W2109519180","https://openalex.org/W2115612038","https://openalex.org/W2120440922","https://openalex.org/W2122687876","https://openalex.org/W2123541927","https://openalex.org/W2128025167","https://openalex.org/W2137011747","https://openalex.org/W2139101243","https://openalex.org/W2140867777","https://openalex.org/W2141336889","https://openalex.org/W2143201655","https://openalex.org/W2143228105","https://openalex.org/W2149359921","https://openalex.org/W2162003954","https://openalex.org/W2165381982","https://openalex.org/W2172292165","https://openalex.org/W2196145477","https://openalex.org/W2276629685","https://openalex.org/W2288560581","https://openalex.org/W2336484677","https://openalex.org/W2461933982","https://openalex.org/W2500355674","https://openalex.org/W2518058967","https://openalex.org/W2520446561","https://openalex.org/W2529101553","https://openalex.org/W3092231578","https://openalex.org/W4240592325","https://openalex.org/W6636994897","https://openalex.org/W6652820343","https://openalex.org/W6676045232","https://openalex.org/W6680772378","https://openalex.org/W6683857513","https://openalex.org/W6687355602","https://openalex.org/W6703195669","https://openalex.org/W6784444800"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2368710903","https://openalex.org/W4386360526","https://openalex.org/W2772112465","https://openalex.org/W4387918499","https://openalex.org/W2158905603","https://openalex.org/W2766105476","https://openalex.org/W2735171729","https://openalex.org/W2786267942","https://openalex.org/W2037009907","https://openalex.org/W2980498517"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Keystroke":[0],"privacy":[1,13,26],"is":[2,19,50],"critical":[3],"for":[4,34,90,185,193],"ensuring":[5],"the":[6,12,35,57,78,133,148,154,158,165,187],"security":[7],"of":[8,14,61,80,108,212],"computer":[9],"systems":[10],"and":[11,59,69,71,120,132,174,189],"human":[15,140],"users":[16],"as":[17,117,124],"what":[18],"being":[20],"typed":[21,149,207],"could":[22],"be":[23,43],"passwords":[24],"or":[25],"sensitive":[27],"information.":[28],"In":[29,93,197],"this":[30,94],"paper,":[31,95],"we":[32,87,96],"show":[33],"first":[36],"time":[37],"that":[38,51,91],"WiFi":[39,99,112,159,172],"signals":[40,131],"can":[41,201,215],"also":[42,216],"exploited":[44],"to":[45],"recognize":[46,202,217],"keystrokes.":[47],"The":[48,127],"intuition":[49],"while":[52],"typing":[53],"a":[54,62,66,74,98,114,118,121,125,139,144,169,175,205,221],"certain":[55],"key,":[56],"hands":[58],"fingers":[60],"user":[63],"move":[64],"in":[65,77,204],"unique":[67,75],"formation":[68],"direction":[70],"thus":[72],"generate":[73],"pattern":[76],"time-series":[79],"channel":[81],"state":[82],"information":[83],"(CSI)":[84],"values,":[85],"which":[86],"call":[88],"CSI-waveform":[89],"key.":[92],"propose":[97],"signal-based":[100],"keystroke":[101,188],"recognition":[102,191],"system":[103,167],"called":[104],"WiKey.":[105],"WiKey":[106,146,166,179,200,214],"consists":[107],"two":[109],"commercial":[110],"off-the-shelf":[111],"devices,":[113],"sender":[115,128],"(such":[116,123],"router)":[119],"receiver":[122,134,161],"laptop).":[126],"continuously":[129,135,206],"emits":[130],"receives":[136],"signals.":[137],"When":[138],"subject":[141],"types":[142],"on":[143,152],"keyboard,":[145],"recognizes":[147],"keys":[150],"based":[151],"how":[153],"CSI":[155],"values":[156],"at":[157],"signal":[160],"end.":[162],"We":[163],"implemented":[164],"using":[168],"TP-Link":[170],"TL-WR1043ND":[171],"router":[173],"Lenovo":[176],"X200":[177],"laptop.":[178],"achieves":[180],"over":[181,224],"97.5%":[182],"detection":[183],"rate":[184],"detecting":[186],"96.4%":[190],"accuracy":[192,211],"classifying":[194],"single":[195],"keys.":[196],"real-world":[198],"experiments,":[199],"keystrokes":[203],"sentence":[208,222],"with":[209,223],"an":[210],"93.5%.":[213],"complete":[218],"words":[219],"inside":[220],"85%":[225],"accuracy.":[226]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}