{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1908867029","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsac.2015.2430518","title":"Distortion Rejecting Magneto-Inductive Three-Dimensional Localization (MagLoc)","display_name":"Distortion Rejecting Magneto-Inductive Three-Dimensional Localization (MagLoc)","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-05-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1908867029","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsac.2015.2430518","mag":"1908867029"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jsac.2015.2430518","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsac.2015.2430518","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S90422530","display_name":"IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications","issn_l":"0733-8716","issn":["0733-8716","1558-0008"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018252975","display_name":"Traian E. Abrudan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4946-4757"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","display_name":"University of Oxford","ror":"https://ror.org/052gg0110","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Traian E. Abrudan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K","Department of Computer Science University of Oxford Oxford, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science University of Oxford Oxford, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103052017","display_name":"Zhuoling Xiao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8118-2330"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","display_name":"University of Oxford","ror":"https://ror.org/052gg0110","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhuoling Xiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K","Department of Computer Science University of Oxford Oxford, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science University of Oxford Oxford, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060183988","display_name":"Andrew Markham","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5716-3941"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","display_name":"University of Oxford","ror":"https://ror.org/052gg0110","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrew Markham","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K","Department of Computer Science University of Oxford Oxford, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science University of Oxford Oxford, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010637110","display_name":"Niki Trigoni","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6236-9645"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","display_name":"University of Oxford","ror":"https://ror.org/052gg0110","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Niki Trigoni","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K","Department of Computer Science University of Oxford Oxford, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science University of Oxford Oxford, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5018252975"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.0113,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":62,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95530391,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"33","issue":"11","first_page":"2404","last_page":"2417"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11192","display_name":"Underwater Vehicles and Communication Systems","score":0.996399998664856,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10191","display_name":"Robotics and Sensor-Based Localization","score":0.9925000071525574,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.7743646502494812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6785104274749756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hybrid-positioning-system","display_name":"Hybrid positioning system","score":0.602169394493103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensor-fusion","display_name":"Sensor fusion","score":0.4435879588127136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensitivity","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","score":0.43374955654144287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enabling","display_name":"Enabling","score":0.4326798915863037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distortion","display_name":"Distortion (music)","score":0.4314461648464203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radio-frequency","display_name":"Radio frequency","score":0.4252077639102936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gps-signals","display_name":"GPS signals","score":0.41988837718963623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.4169681966304779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracking","display_name":"Tracking (education)","score":0.41511207818984985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/magneto","display_name":"Magneto","score":0.41408878564834595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","score":0.4122197926044464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.38002169132232666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/positioning-system","display_name":"Positioning system","score":0.37900325655937195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.2711940407752991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.24868953227996826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/assisted-gps","display_name":"Assisted GPS","score":0.2295083999633789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.15827199816703796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.15367391705513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.10933712124824524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.0998414158821106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bandwidth","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","score":0.08558747172355652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/magnet","display_name":"Magnet","score":0.07899731397628784}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.7743646502494812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6785104274749756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187394410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17141406","display_name":"Hybrid positioning system","level":4,"score":0.602169394493103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33954974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q486494","display_name":"Sensor fusion","level":2,"score":0.4435879588127136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21200559","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7451068","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","level":2,"score":0.43374955654144287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22607594","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5375150","display_name":"Enabling","level":2,"score":0.4326798915863037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126780896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899871","display_name":"Distortion (music)","level":4,"score":0.4314461648464203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74064498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3396184","display_name":"Radio frequency","level":2,"score":0.4252077639102936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12957241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15903792","display_name":"GPS signals","level":4,"score":0.41988837718963623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.4169681966304779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775936607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466845","display_name":"Tracking (education)","level":2,"score":0.41511207818984985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171636128","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1307177","display_name":"Magneto","level":3,"score":0.41408878564834595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.4122197926044464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.38002169132232666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778603505","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17141406","display_name":"Positioning system","level":3,"score":0.37900325655937195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.2711940407752991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.24868953227996826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198613851","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q432394","display_name":"Assisted GPS","level":3,"score":0.2295083999633789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.15827199816703796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.15367391705513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.10933712124824524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0998414158821106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776257435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1576430","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","level":2,"score":0.08558747172355652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16389437","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11421","display_name":"Magnet","level":2,"score":0.07899731397628784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62611344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062658","display_name":"Node (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C542102704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183257","display_name":"Psychotherapist","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194257627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q211554","display_name":"Amplifier","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jsac.2015.2430518","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsac.2015.2430518","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S90422530","display_name":"IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications","issn_l":"0733-8716","issn":["0733-8716","1558-0008"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ora.ox.ac.uk:uuid:846862f6-4396-4f64-8cfb-2357753b5b7c","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:846862f6-4396-4f64-8cfb-2357753b5b7c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402636","display_name":"Oxford University Research Archive (ORA) (University of Oxford)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","host_organization_name":"University of Oxford","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Symplectic Elements at Oxford","raw_type":"Journal article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.41999998688697815,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7637107526","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/L00416X/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8847831579","display_name":"Digital Personhood:Being There: Humans and Robots in Public Spaces (HARPS)","funder_award_id":"EP/L00416X/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":56,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W76788353","https://openalex.org/W1527786550","https://openalex.org/W1552635117","https://openalex.org/W1556658591","https://openalex.org/W1971491208","https://openalex.org/W1981831056","https://openalex.org/W1982669708","https://openalex.org/W1985031897","https://openalex.org/W1991294548","https://openalex.org/W1992407047","https://openalex.org/W1996573126","https://openalex.org/W2017316038","https://openalex.org/W2017563879","https://openalex.org/W2018589614","https://openalex.org/W2025797281","https://openalex.org/W2028721837","https://openalex.org/W2051029594","https://openalex.org/W2051376734","https://openalex.org/W2054602086","https://openalex.org/W2056427752","https://openalex.org/W2068109225","https://openalex.org/W2077552673","https://openalex.org/W2081508482","https://openalex.org/W2096188503","https://openalex.org/W2096416669","https://openalex.org/W2100045669","https://openalex.org/W2103575497","https://openalex.org/W2111825263","https://openalex.org/W2118055871","https://openalex.org/W2118975298","https://openalex.org/W2118991694","https://openalex.org/W2122180522","https://openalex.org/W2123588191","https://openalex.org/W2127600800","https://openalex.org/W2135822894","https://openalex.org/W2140268640","https://openalex.org/W2142216726","https://openalex.org/W2143286369","https://openalex.org/W2160337655","https://openalex.org/W2161138734","https://openalex.org/W2163049891","https://openalex.org/W2165683923","https://openalex.org/W2166315077","https://openalex.org/W2170102584","https://openalex.org/W2172093107","https://openalex.org/W2279596274","https://openalex.org/W2513228678","https://openalex.org/W2742163894","https://openalex.org/W4229748564","https://openalex.org/W4231756768","https://openalex.org/W4245167505","https://openalex.org/W4248091029","https://openalex.org/W6603101531","https://openalex.org/W6633038883","https://openalex.org/W6646423707","https://openalex.org/W6679216312"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2372962900","https://openalex.org/W2150859096","https://openalex.org/W127193670","https://openalex.org/W2130439726","https://openalex.org/W4213190317","https://openalex.org/W1539841050","https://openalex.org/W2616327917","https://openalex.org/W2782495815","https://openalex.org/W954280677","https://openalex.org/W2185961346"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Localization":[0],"is":[1,129],"a":[2,20,83,90,95,104,156,203],"research":[3,24],"area":[4],"that,":[5],"due":[6],"to":[7,82,107,149,160,174],"its":[8,197],"overarching":[9],"importance":[10],"as":[11,62,68,133],"an":[12,39],"enabler":[13],"for":[14,42],"higher":[15],"level":[16],"services,":[17],"has":[18,80,155],"attracted":[19],"vast":[21],"amount":[22],"of":[23,85,114,126,143,158,169,205],"and":[25,45,70,136,172,180],"commercial":[26],"interest.":[27],"For":[28],"the":[29,48,112,141,150,167],"most":[30,123],"part,":[31],"it":[32],"can":[33,191],"be":[34,52],"claimed":[35],"that":[36,130,138,163],"GPS":[37],"provides":[38],"unparalleled":[40],"solution":[41,97],"outdoor":[43],"tracking":[44],"navigation.":[46],"However,":[47],"same":[49],"cannot":[50],"yet":[51],"said":[53],"about":[54],"positioning":[55,109,128,201,208],"in":[56,202,214],"GPS-denied":[57],"or":[58,74],"challenged":[59],"environments,":[60,64,206],"such":[61,67,132],"indoor":[63],"where":[65],"obstructions":[66],"floors":[69],"walls":[71],"heavily":[72,139,215],"attenuate":[73],"reflect":[75],"high-frequency":[76],"radio":[77],"signals.":[78],"This":[79],"led":[81],"plethora":[84],"competing":[86,144],"solutions":[87],"targeted":[88],"toward":[89],"particular":[91],"application":[92],"scenario,":[93],"yielding":[94],"fragmented":[96],"landscape.":[98],"In":[99],"this":[100],"paper,":[101],"we":[102,187,190],"present":[103],"fresh":[105],"approach":[106],"3-D":[108,200],"based":[110],"on":[111],"use":[113],"very":[115],"low":[116],"frequency":[117],"(kHz)":[118],"magneto-inductive":[119],"(MI)":[120],"fields.":[121,153],"The":[122],"important":[124],"property":[125],"MI":[127,154],"obstacles":[131],"walls,":[134],"floors,":[135],"people":[137],"impact":[140],"performance":[142],"approaches":[145],"are":[146],"largely":[147],"\u201ctransparent\u201d":[148],"quasi-static":[151],"magnetic":[152],"number":[157,204],"challenges":[159],"robust":[161],"operation":[162],"distort":[164],"positions,":[165],"including":[166],"presence":[168],"ferrous":[170],"materials":[171],"sensitivity":[173],"user":[175],"rotation.":[176],"Through":[177],"signal":[178],"processing":[179],"sensor":[181],"fusion":[182],"across":[183],"multiple":[184],"system":[185],"layers,":[186],"show":[188],"how":[189],"overcome":[192],"these":[193],"challenges.":[194],"We":[195],"showcase":[196],"highly":[198],"accurate":[199],"with":[207],"accuracy":[209],"below":[210],"0.8":[211],"m":[212],"even":[213],"distorted":[216],"areas.":[217]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}